Nonsymmetric Askey-Wilson shift operators
Hecke algebras and their representations (20C08) Basic orthogonal polynomials and functions (Askey-Wilson polynomials, etc.) (33D45) Connections of basic hypergeometric functions with quantum groups, Chevalley groups, (p)-adic groups, Hecke algebras, and related topics (33D80) Difference operators (39A70)
The authors develop matrix-valued orthogonal polynomial (MVOP) methods that are decidedly single-variable to establish the relation between the symmetric Askey-Wilson polynomials and the matrix polynomials that arise from the non-symmetric Askey-Wilson polynomials. They define the notion of a shift operator, prove some of its general properties, and classify them. Then they define the notion of a non-symmetric shift operator. In particular, they study these non-symmetric shift operators by considering \(\mathcal{A}\), the vector space of Laurent polynomials in \(z\), as a module over \(\mathcal{A}_0\), its subring of invariants under the reflection \(s_1\) that maps \(z^n\) to \(z^{-n}\) (alternatively: polynomials in \(z+z^{-1}\)). This is a free module, and the authors consider two different bases: the basis \(\{1,z\}\) (referred to as the \textit{Steinberg basis}, since it can be obtained, up to the choice of a positive subsystem, from the general theory explained), and the basis\N\[\N1,\quad z^{-1}(1-az)(1-bz)\N\]\N(referred to as the \textit{Koornwinder basis}, since it was first considered by \textit{T. H. Koornwinder} and \textit{F. Bouzeffour} [Appl. Anal. 90, No. 3--4, 731--746 (2011; Zbl 1216.33040)]). With respect to these bases, the authors write the non-symmetric Askey-Wilson polynomials as column vectors that they use to construct matrix polynomials whose entries turn out to be easily related to the symmetric Askey-Wilson polynomials. Using the symmetric shift operators, the authors then construct matrix shift operators (for the matrix polynomials) and subsequently the non-symmetric Askey-Wilson polynomials. At the vector level, they also extract a Rodrigues-type recursion relation. Since the symmetric shift operators are classified, so are the matrices of symmetric shift operators. However, it proves difficult to classify all matrices of symmetric shift operators that (in either basis) give rise to (scalar) non-symmetric shift operators. The authors therefore restrict themselves to those that are diagonal. In this way, they obtain one non-zero operator for each possible shift, which is more than sufficient for the norm computation. Similarly, they use the non-symmetric shift operators to compute the norms of the non-symmetric Askey-Wilson polynomials. Finally, they compute the \(q\to1\) limits of their non-symmetric shift operators and obtain four first-order differential-reflection operators and two (zeroth-order) constants. These operators agree with the (non-symmetric) shift operators for the non-symmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials of type \(BC_1\).
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