Note on injectivity in second-gradient nonlinear elasticity
The authors consider a domain \(\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\), a function \( f:\Omega \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{n}\), \(f\in W^{2,q}\), \(q\geq 1\), and mappings with finite energy: \(E(f)=\int_{\Omega }(W(Df(x))+\Psi (D^{2}f(x)))dx\), where \(W\) and \(\Psi \) are proper and convex functionals satisfying \(W(Df)\geq \frac{1}{\left\vert J_{f}\right\vert ^{a}}\) and \(\Psi (D^{2}f)\geq \left\vert D^{2}f\right\vert ^{q}\), \(a>0\), with \(J_{f}^{-a}\in L^{1}\). The mapping \(f\) is supposed to be equal to a given homeomorphism \( f_{0}\) on \(\partial \Omega \). The first main result proves that if \(n=2\), \( q>1\), \((1-\frac{1}{q})a\geq 1\), \(\Omega \) is a Lipschitz domain in \(\mathbb{R }^{2}\), \(f_{0}:\Omega \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{2}\) is a given homeomorphism, and \(f\in W^{2,q}(\Omega ,\mathbb{R}^{2})\) is a mapping such that \( \left\vert J_{f}\right\vert ^{-a}\in L^{1}(\Omega )\) and \(f=f_{0}\) on \( \partial \Omega \) in the sense of traces, then \(f\) is a homeomorphism in \( \Omega \). For the proof, the authors recall that the set \(\{J_{f}=0\}\) was proved empty. They use a covering property of every bounded domain by closed cubes in \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\), an ACL characterization of Sobolev spaces and the standard representative \(Df(x)=\limsup_{r\rightarrow 0_{+}}\frac{1}{ \left\vert B(x,r)\right\vert }\int_{B(x,r)}Df\) of \(Df\) which is Borel measurable, to prove an estimate of the measure of the set where the Jacobian can vanish. They also use the second main result where they assume that \(n\geq 2\), \(\Omega \) is a domain in \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\), \(q>1\), \((1-\frac{1 }{q})a\geq 1\), \(f\in W^{2,q}(\Omega ,\mathbb{R}^{n})\) is a mapping with \( \left\vert J_{f}\right\vert ^{-a}\in L^{1}(\Omega )\).\ They prove that the precise representative of \(Df\) satisfies \(\mathcal{H}^{n-1}(\pi (\{J_{f}=0\}))=0\), where \(\pi \) denotes the projection of \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) on some hyperplane, from which they deduce that either \(J_{f}>0\) a.e. in \( \Omega \) or \(J_{f}<0\) a.e. in \(\Omega \). They here extend a previous result by \textit{D. Campbell}, \textit{S. Hencl} and \textit{A. Menovchikov} [Calc. Var. Partial Differ. Equ. 64, No. 8, Paper No. 256, 29 p. (2025; Zbl 08099071)].
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