Numerical radii of nonnegative matrices
Norms of matrices, numerical range, applications of functional analysis to matrix theory (15A60) Positive matrices and their generalizations; cones of matrices (15B48) Numerical range, numerical radius (47A12) Norms (inequalities, more than one norm, etc.) of linear operators (47A30) Linear operator inequalities (47A63)
The paper establishes a formula for the Schatten \(p\)-numerical radius of entrywise nonnegative matrices: Theorem 2.1 asserts that if \(A\) has nonnegative entries and \(p\ge 2\) is even, then \[ \omega_p(A)=\lVert \operatorname{Re}(A)\rVert_p, \] where \(\operatorname{Re}(A) = \frac 12(A+A^*)\) is the real part of \(A\). Consequences include monotonicity (\(0\le A\le B\) entrywise \(\Rightarrow \omega_p(A)\le \omega_p(B)\)), a refined power inequality \(\omega_p(A^2)\le [\omega_{2p}(A)]^2\), and an exact trace formula \[ \omega_p^p(A)=\frac 1{2^p}\,\operatorname{tr}\!\Big(|A|^2+|A^*|^2+2\,\operatorname{Re}(A^2)\Big)^{p/2}. \] The authors also show the equality holds for all \(p\ge2\) when \(A\) is \(2\times 2\), and give a \(3\times 3\) counterexample for \(p=3\), underscoring the necessity of even \(p\). Applications to block matrices include sharp bounds such as \[ \omega\!\begin{pmatrix}A&B\\\NC&D\end{pmatrix} \le \max\{\omega(A),\omega(D)\}+\tfrac12\lVert B+C^*\rVert, \] for nonnegative blocks and exact identities like \[ \omega\!\begin{pmatrix}0&B\\\NC&0\end{pmatrix}=\tfrac12\lVert B+C^*\rVert; \] for the \(p\)-numerical radius, \[ \omega_p\!\begin{pmatrix}A&0\\\N0&B\end{pmatrix} =\big(\omega_p^p(A)+\omega_p^p(B)\big)^{1/p}, \qquad \omega_p\!\begin{pmatrix}0&A\\\NB&0\end{pmatrix} =2^{1/p-1}\lVert A+B^*\rVert_p. \]
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