Numerical semigroups with quasi maximal embedding dimension
This paper provides a comprehensive study of numerical semigroups with quasi-maximal embedding dimension (\(\mathrm{QMED}\)). A \(\mathrm{QMED}(x)\)-semigroup is a numerical semigroup \(S\) such that \(S \setminus \{0\} = \{a + kx \mid a \in \operatorname{msg}(S), k \in \mathbb{N}\}\), where \(\operatorname{msg}(S)\) denotes the minimal system of generators of \(S\). This definition generalizes the notion of (\(\mathrm{MED}\)) semigroups, where \(x\) is the multiplicity \(m(S)\). The authors provide a characterization of \(\mathrm{QMED}(x)\)-semigroups, showing that \(S\) is a \(\mathrm{QMED}(x)\)-semigroup if and only if \(\{a + b - x, a + x\} \subseteq S \setminus \{0\}\) for all \(\{a, b\} \subseteq \operatorname{msg}(S)\). Furthermore, the authors explore their connections to Frobenius pseudo-varieties and other important invariants.\N\NThe authors prove that the set of all \(\mathrm{QMED}(x)\)-semigroups forms a Frobenius pseudo-variety, denoted \(Q(x)\), which is a family of numerical semigroups satisfying certain closure properties. They show that \(Q(x)\) has a maximum element \(\mathcal{Q}(x) = \{0, x, \rightarrow\}\) and provide an algorithm to compute the smallest \(Q(x)\)-monoid containing a given subset of \(\mathcal{Q}(x)\). This result allows them to construct a tree representation of the pseudo-variety, rooted at \(\mathcal{Q}(x)\) and to derive formulas for the Frobenius number, genus and other invariants of \(\mathrm{QMED}(x)\)-semigroups.\N\NThey show that for any numerical semigroup \(S\) and \(x \in S \cup \mathrm{PF}(S)\), the set \(S(x) = (\{x\} + (S \setminus \{0\})) \cup \{0\}\) is a \(\mathrm{QMED}(x)\)-semigroup with multiplicity greater than \(x\). They also derive formulas for the minimal system of generators, embedding dimension and type of \(S(x)\), proving that \(e(S(x)) = e(S) + x\) and \(t(S(x)) = t(S) + x\).
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