On a conjecture concerning the complementary second Zagreb index
Let \(G\) be a finite, simple, connected graph. The complementary second Zagreb index of \(G\), also known as the nano Zagreb index, F-minus index, first Sombor index, or modified Albertson index, is defined as:\N\[\NcM_2(G) = \sum_{\{u,v\} \in E(G)} \big| d_G(u)^2 - d_G(v)^2 \big|,\N\]\Nwhere \(d_G(u)\) denotes the degree of vertex \(u\) in \(G\).\N\NLet \(\overline{G}\) denote the complement of \(G\), with vertex set \(V(G)\) and edges between all pairs of nonadjacent vertices in \(G\). Let \(G \vee H\) denote the join of graphs \(G\) and \(H\), formed by taking the disjoint union of \(G\) and \(H\) and adding edges connecting every vertex of \(G\) to every vertex of \(H\).\N\NIt was conjectured in [\textit{B. Furtula} and \textit{M. S. Oz}, MATCH Commun. Math. Comput. Chem. 93, No. 1, 247--263 (2025; Zbl 1542.92220)] that, among all graphs of order \(n\), the graph with the maximum complementary second Zagreb index is isomorphic to \(K_k \vee \overline{K_{n-k}}\) for some \(k < \lceil n/2 \rceil\). The authors provided partial results supporting this conjecture. The conjecture was recently confirmed in [\textit{H. Gao}, ``Extremal graphs with maximum complementary second Zagreb index, Preprint, \url{arXiv:2503.01343}].
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