On certain composite functional equations associated with the Dirichlet function
Iteration of real functions in one variable (26A18) Monotonic functions, generalizations (26A48) Measurable and nonmeasurable functions, sequences of measurable functions, modes of convergence (28A20) Iteration theory, iterative and composite equations (39B12) Functional equations for real functions (39B22)
The author studies two composite functional equations:\N\[\Nf(x) = x f(1 - x + f(x)) \quad \text{and} \quad f(x + f(y)) = (x + f(y)) f(1 - x + f(x)),\N\]\Nwhere \(f : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\). These functional equations are associated with the Dirichlet function, defined by\N\[\ND(x) =\N\begin{cases}\N1, & x \in \mathbb{Q}, \\\N0, & x \in \mathbb{R} \setminus \mathbb{Q}.\N\end{cases}\N\]\N\NSeveral definitions are given. Next, the author proves some lemmas and some general properties of these functional equations.\NFor example, the following sets are defined:\N\[\N\mathcal{U}_{1} = \{ f \in \mathrm{Map}(\mathbb{R}) \mid f \text{ is a solution of } f(x) = x f(1 - x + f(x)), \; x \in \mathbb{R} \},\N\]\Nand\N\[\N\mathcal{U}_{2} = \{ f \in \mathrm{Map}(\mathbb{R}) \mid f \text{ is a solution of } f(x + f(y)) = (x + f(y)) f(1 - x + f(x)), \; x, y \in \mathbb{R} \},\N\]\Nwhere \(\mathrm{Map}(\mathbb{R}) = \{ f \mid f : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R} \}\).\N\NThe main results proved in the paper are as follows:\N\N\begin{itemize}\N\item Let \(f \in \mathcal{U}_{1}\). Then the following statements hold:\N\begin{itemize}\N\item[(1)] If \(f(1) = 1\), then the set \(f(\mathbb{R}) = \{ f(a) \mid a \in \mathbb{R} \}\) is a subgroup of \((\mathbb{R}, +)\) satisfying \(\mathbb{Z} \subset f(\mathbb{R})\), where \((\mathbb{R}, +)\) denotes the additive group of real numbers.\N\item[(2)] If \(f\) is continuous on \(\mathbb{R}\) and \(f(1) = 1\), then \(f = \mathrm{id}_{\mathbb{R}}\), where \(\mathrm{id}_{\mathbb{R}}\) is defined by \(\mathrm{id}_{\mathbb{R}}(a) = a\) for all \(a \in \mathbb{R}\).\N\end{itemize}\N\N\item Let \(A\) be a subset of \(\mathbb{R}\). Define the function \(f_{A} : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) by\N\[\Nf_{A}(a) =\N\begin{cases}\Na, & a \in A, \\\N0, & a \in \mathbb{R} \setminus A.\N\end{cases}\N\]\NThen the following statements hold:\N\begin{itemize}\N\item[(1)] Let \(S \subset \mathbb{R}\) be such that \(0, 1 \in S\). Suppose the following property (P) holds:\N\[\N\text{(P): For all } a \in \mathbb{R}, \text{ if } a \notin S, \text{ then } 1 - a \notin S.\N\]\NThen \(f_{S} \in \mathcal{U}_{1}\).\N\item[(2)] Let \(T\) be a subgroup of \((\mathbb{R}, +)\) satisfying \(\mathbb{Z} \subset T\). Then \(f_{T} \in \mathcal{U}_{2}\).\N\item[(3)] Define \(J : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) by\N\[\NJ(a) = f_{\mathbb{R} \setminus (0,1)}(a) =\N\begin{cases}\Na, & a \in \mathbb{R} \setminus (0,1), \\\N0, & a \in (0,1),\N\end{cases}\N\]\Nwhere \((0,1) = \{ x \in \mathbb{R} \mid 0 < x < 1 \}\). Then \(J \in \mathcal{U}_{1}\) and \(J \notin \mathcal{U}_{2}\).\N\item[(4)] Let \(H\) be a Hamel basis such that \(1 \in H\). Let \(b \in H \setminus \{1\}\) and set \(V = \mathrm{span}_{\mathbb{Q}}(H \setminus \{b\})\); that is, \(V\) is the \(\mathbb{Q}\)-vector space spanned by \(H \setminus \{b\}\). Then \(f_{V}\) is a non-measurable function satisfying \(f_{V} \in \mathcal{U}_{2}\).\N\end{itemize}\N\N\item Let \(f \in \mathcal{U}_{1}\) and suppose that \(f\) is monotonic. Then:\N\begin{itemize}\N\item[(1)] If \(f\) is non-increasing, then \(f = 0\), where \(0 : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) is defined by \(0(a) = 0\).\N\item[(2)] If \(f\) is non-decreasing and \(f(1) = 0\), then \(f = 0\).\N\item[(3)] Suppose \(f\) is non-decreasing and \(f(1) = 1\). Then either \(f(a) > 0\) for all \(a \in (0,1)\) or \(f(a) = 0\) for all \(a \in (0,1)\).\N\item[(4)] Suppose \(f\) is non-decreasing and \(f(1) = 1\). If \(\mathrm{Zero}(f) \setminus \{0\} \neq \emptyset\), then \(f = J\).\N\item[(5)] Suppose \(f\) is non-decreasing and \(\mathrm{Zero}(f) = \{0\}\). Then \(f(a) \geq a\) for all \(a \in [0, 1/2]\).\N\item[(6)] If \(f\) is non-decreasing and \(f(a) \geq a\) for all \(a > \tfrac{1}{2}\), then \(f = \mathrm{id}_{\mathbb{R}}\).\N\end{itemize}\N\N\item Let \(f \in \mathcal{U}_{2}\) and suppose that \(f\) is monotonic. Then \(f = 0\) or \(f = \mathrm{id}_{\mathbb{R}}\).\N\N\item Let \(f \in \mathcal{U}_{1}\). Suppose that \(f\) is non-decreasing and \(\mathrm{Zero}(f) = \{0\}\). Then:\N\begin{itemize}\N\item[(1)] \(\tfrac{1}{2} \leq f(a) \leq 1\) for all \(a \in [\tfrac{1}{2}, \tfrac{3}{4}]\).\N\item[(2)] \(2a - 1 < f(a) \leq 1\) for all \(a \in (\tfrac{3}{4}, 1)\).\N\item[(3)] \(1 \leq f(a) < 2a - 1\) for all \(a \in (1, 2]\).\N\item[(4)] \(a - 1 < f(a) < 2a - 1\) for all \(a \in (2, \infty)\).\N\end{itemize}\N\end{itemize}
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