On countable-to-one maps

DOI10.1016/J.TOPOL.2006.06.002MaRDI QIDQ864462zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 9 February 2007

Published in Topology and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/j.topol.2006.06.002

\(\aleph_{0}\)-weak bases Countable-to-one maps Quotients maps sequential spaces

Special maps on topological spaces (open, closed, perfect, etc.) (54C10) Sequential spaces (54D55) Stratifiable spaces, cosmic spaces, etc. (54E20) Special maps on metric spaces (54E40)

Review text

In this paper the authors assume that every space is Hausdorff and all maps are continuous and onto. A family \(\mathcal{B}\) of subsets of a space \(X\) is said to be an \(\aleph_{0}\)-weak base for \(X\) if \(\mathcal{B}=\cup\{\mathcal{B}_{x}(n): x\in X, n\in\mathbb{N} \}\) and satisfies: (1) for each \(x\in X\), \(n\in\mathbb{N}\), \(\mathcal{B}_{x}(n)\) is closed under finite intersections and \(x\in\cap \mathcal{B}_{x}(n)\), and (2) a subset \(U\) of \(X\) is open if and only if whenever \(x\in U\) and \(n\in \mathbb{N}\), there exists a \(\mathcal{B}_{x}(n)\) such that \(\mathcal{B}_{x}(n)\subset U\). \(X\) is called \(\aleph_{0}\)-weakly first-countable or weakly quasi-first countable in the sense of Sirois-Dumais if \(\mathcal{B}_{x}(n)\) is countable for each \(x\in X\), \(n\in\mathbb{N}\). If \(\mathcal{B}_{x}(n)=\mathcal{B}_{x}(1)\) for each \(n\in\mathbb{N}\), then \(\mathcal{B}\) is said to be a weak base for \(X\). Weakly first countable spaces or \(g\)-first countable spaces in the sense of Arhangel'skiĭ [op. cit.] are spaces where \(\mathcal{B}_{x}(1)\) is countable for each \(x\in X\). This paper considers the question: Are quotient countable-to-one images of metric spaces and quotient \(s\)-images of metric spaces coincident? The main results are the following: Theorem 1. The following are equivalent for a space \(X\): (1) \(X\) has a point countable base, (2) \(X\) is an open \(s\)-image of a metric space, and (3) \(X\) is an open, countable-to-one image of a metric space. Theorem 2. \(X\) is a quotient, countable-to-one image of a metric space if and only if \(X\) has a point countable \(\aleph_{0}\)-weak point base. Theorem 3. The following are equivalent for a space \(X\): (1) \(X\) is a quotient, countable-to-one image of a separable metric space, (2) \(X\) is a quotient, \(\sigma\)-compact image of a separable metric space, (3) \(X\) is \(\aleph_{0}\)-weakly first-countable and a quotient image of a separable metric space, (4) \(X\) has a countable \(\aleph_{0}\)-weak base, and (5) \(X\) is an \(\aleph_{0}\)-weakly first countable and an \(\aleph_{0}\)-space (where \(\aleph_{0}\) means that \(X\) has a countable \(cs\)-network). Theorem 4. If \(X\) is a Fréchet space which is determined by a countable cover of closed metric subsets, then \(X\) is a closed, countable-to-one image of a metric space. The authors also give an negative answer to the following two questions posed by \textit{Y. Tanaka} [Quest. Answers Gen. Topology 11, No. 2, 215--233 (1993; Zbl 0788.54033)] and \textit{G. Gruenhage, E. Michael} and \textit{Y. Tanaka} [Pac. J. Math. 113, 303--332 (1984; Zbl 0561.54016)], respectively: (1) Does every open map preserve a weakly first-countable space?, and (2) Are quotient \(s\)-images of metric spaces preserved by open \(s\)-maps? The paper also contains several interesting questions.

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