On generalized Varga materials

Existence theories for free problems in two or more independent variables (49J10) Methods involving semicontinuity and convergence; relaxation (49J45) Energy minimization in equilibrium problems in solid mechanics (74G65)

Review text

The authors consider the energy \(E(u)=\int_{B^{N}}W(\nabla u(x))dx\), among (sufficiently smooth) radially symmetric deformation \(u:B^{N}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{N}\), \(u(x)=v(\left\vert x\right\vert )\frac{x}{\left\vert x\right\vert }\), \(0<\left\vert x\right\vert <1\), of the reference configuration \(B^{N}\), the open unit ball of \(\mathbb{R}^{N}\) centered at the origin, subject to the boundary displacement condition \(u(x)=\lambda x\) for \(\left\vert x\right\vert =1\) with \(\lambda \geq 1\). The strain energy density \(W\) is an isotropic function \(W:M_{+}^{N\times N}\rightarrow \mathbb{ R}\) defined on the set \(M_{+}^{N\times N}\) of matrices with positive determinant such that \(W(A)\rightarrow +\infty \) as \(\det A\rightarrow 0^{+}\) or \(\det A\rightarrow +\infty \). \ The authors define for \(\lambda \geq 1\) the admissible profiles as functions \(v:(0,1)\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) with the following properties: \(v\) is nonnegative, strictly increasing and such that \( v(1)=\lambda \); either \(v\in W^{1,1}(0,1)\) or \(v\in W^{1,1}((0,1)\setminus \{R\})\) for some \(R\in (0,R_{0}]\) and \(v(0)=0\).\ The set of all such functions is denoted by \(\mathcal{A}(\lambda )\). The strain energy density \(W \) is chosen as \(W(\nabla u(x))=\Phi (v^{\prime }(x),v(\left\vert x\right\vert )/\left\vert x\right\vert ,\ldots ,v(\left\vert x\right\vert )/\left\vert x\right\vert )\), for a.e. \(x\in B^{N}\), the function \(\Phi \) associated with the strain energy of generalized Varga materials being given by \(\Phi (\xi ,\eta )=c_{1}(\xi +2\eta )+c_{2}(2\xi \eta +\eta ^{2})+w(\xi \eta ^{2})\), \(\xi ,\eta >0\), for suitable coefficients \(c_{1},c_{2}\geq 0\) and some nonnegative, smooth and strictly convex function \(w:(0,+\infty )\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) satisfying \(w(J)\rightarrow +\infty \) as \( J\rightarrow 0^{+}\) and as \(J\rightarrow +\infty \). For generalized Varga materials in \(\mathbb{R}^{3}\), the energy of a radially symmetric deformation \(u\) with an admissible profile function \(v\in \mathcal{A} (\lambda )\) is given by \(E_{\mu }(u)=\int_{B^{3}}W(\nabla u(x))dx+\mu \mathcal{H}^{2}(\partial \mathcal{G}_{u})\), where \(\mathcal{H}^{2}\) denotes the 2D Hausdorff measure and \(\mathcal{G}_{u}=\{(x,u(x))\mid x\in B^{3}\) and \(x\neq 0\}\). The energy \(E_{\mu }\) can be rewritten in terms of the profile function \(v\) as \(E_{\mu }(u)=F_{\mu }(v)=F(v)+\mu \Sigma (v)\), \(v\in \mathcal{A}(\lambda )\), where \(F(v)=4\pi \int_{0}^{1}r^{2}\{c_{1}[v^{\prime }(r)+2\frac{v(r)}{r}]+c_{2}[2v^{\prime }(r)\frac{v(r)}{r}+(\frac{v(r)}{r} )^{2}]+w(v^{\prime }(r)(\frac{v(r)}{r})^{2}]\}dr\), and the area term is given by \(\Sigma (v)=4\pi \{[v(0)]^{2}+(1+\lambda )^{2}\}\), if \(v\in \mathcal{A}(\lambda )\) is continuous and \(\Sigma (v)=4\pi \{(R^{2}+[v(R^{-})]^{2})+(R^{2}+[v(R^{+})]^{2})+(1+\lambda ^{2})\}\), if \( v\in \mathcal{A}(\lambda )\) has a discontinuity point at \(r=R\in (0,R_{0}]\). The first main result proves in the 3D case and under appropriate hypotheses on the data that, for every \(\lambda \geq 1\) and \(\mu >0\), the minimum problem \(\inf\{F_{\mu }(\overline{v})\mid \overline{v}\in \mathcal{A}(\lambda )\}\), has a solution \(v\in \mathcal{A}(\lambda )\). Moreover, the minimizer is of one of the following three types: (a) linear: \(v(r)=\lambda r\); (b) cavitation: \(v(r)=(Jr^{3}+k)^{1/3}\), with \(v(0)=k>0\) and \(J=\lambda ^{3}-k>0\) ; (c) fracture: \(v(r)=Kr\) if \(0<r<R\), \(v(r)=(Jr^{3}+k)^{1/3}\), if \(R<r<1\) with \(R\in (0,R_{0}]\), \(K>0\), \(Jr^{3}+k>(KR)^{3}\) and \(J=\lambda ^{3}-k>0\). For the proof, the authors recall properties of functions of bounded variations, a lower-semicontinuity result in BV, the definition of generalized Varga type integrals in higher dimensions. They apply the direct method of the Calculus of Variations, but because the functional \(F_{\mu } \) fails to be lower-semicontinuous, they extend this functional to a functional \(\mathcal{F}_{\mu }\) defined on more general objects called generalized graphs and they prove that the functional \(\mathcal{F}_{\mu }\) has some lower-semicontinuity property, hence that the associated minimum problem has a generalized minimizer. They prove some regularity property of generalized minimizers. The paper ends with a discussion concerning the occurrence of cavitation and fracture for generalized Varga materials.

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