On nonzero coefficients of binary cyclotomic polynomials

Special sequences and polynomials (11B83) Polynomials in number theory (11C08) Gauss and Kloosterman sums; generalizations (11L05) Estimates on exponential sums (11L07)

Review text

In 1966 \textit{L. Carlitz} [Am. Math. Mon. 73, 979--981 (1966; Zbl 0146.26704)] gave an explicit formula for \(\theta(m)\), the number of non-zero coefficients in the \(m\)-th cyclotomic polynomial, in the case when \(m\) is a product of two distinct primes. For positive \(\gamma\) put\N\[ \NH_\gamma(x)=\#\left\{m=pq\le x: \theta(m)\le m^{1/2+\gamma}\right\},\N\] \Nwhere \(p<q\) are primes. Carlitz's result has been used by \textit{B. Bzdęga} [J. Number Theory 132, No. 3, 410--413 (2012; Zbl 1253.11032)] to establish the bounds\N\[ \Nx^{1/2+\gamma-\varepsilon}\ll_{\varepsilon,\gamma} H_\gamma(x)\ll_\gamma x^{1/2+\gamma}\N\] \Nfor all \(0<\gamma<1/2\). Later \textit{É. Fouvry} [Algebra Number Theory 7, No. 5, 1207--1223 (2013; Zbl 1368.11104)] showed that uniformly for \(\gamma\in [12/25+\varepsilon,1/2-\varepsilon]\) one has\N\[ \NH_\gamma(x)\sim c(\gamma)\frac{x^{1/2+\gamma}}{\log x}.\N\] \N\NNow the authors prove that in Fouvry's result one can replace \(12/25\) by \(9/20\). This is achieved with the use of bounds for the Kloosterman sums established by \textit{A. J. Irving} [Funct. Approximatio, Comment. Math. 51, No. 2, 221--235 (2014; Zbl 1368.11094)], and \textit{M. A. Korolev} and \textit{M. E. Changa} [Math. Notes 108, No. 1, 87--93 (2020; Zbl 1473.11157); translation from Mat. Zametki 108, No. 1, 94--101 (2020)] and a bound for exponential sums due to \textit{W. Duke} et al. [Invent. Math. 128, No. 1, 23--43 (1997; Zbl 0873.11050)].

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