On oscillatory behavior of third-order half-linear difference equations
The authors investigate the oscillatory behavior of third-order half-linear difference equations of the form \N\[\N\Delta\bigl(a(\nu)(\Delta^2 x(\nu))^{\alpha}\bigr) = q(\nu)x^{\alpha}(\nu-m+1)+p(\nu)x^{\alpha}(\nu+m^*),\N\]\Nwhere \(\alpha\ge1\) is a ratio of positive odd integers, \(m>0\) and \(m^*>0\) are real numbers, and the coefficient sequences \(a(\nu)\), \(p(\nu)\), and \(q(\nu)\) are positive. A solution is called oscillatory if it is neither eventually positive nor eventually negative.\N\NUnder the basic assumption \N\[\N\sum_{s=\nu_0}^{\nu}\frac{1}{a^{1/\alpha}(s)}\to\infty \quad (\nu\to\infty),\N\]\Nthe analysis is based on a linearization technique combined with comparison arguments. The original nonlinear equation is reduced to suitable first-order delay and advanced difference equations, whose oscillatory behavior is then used to deduce that of the original equation.\N\NThe main result (Theorem~2.1) asserts that if the associated delay equation \N\[\N\Delta Y(\nu)+Q(\nu)Y(\xi(\nu))=0,\N\]\Nand the advanced equation \N\[\N\Delta Z(\nu)-P(\nu)Z(\rho(\nu))=0,\N\]\Nare oscillatory for appropriate functions \(Q(\nu)\), \(P(\nu)\) and shifts \(\xi(\nu)<\nu<\rho(\nu)\), then every solution of the original third-order equation is oscillatory. The proof is carried out by contradiction and distinguishes cases according to the eventual signs of the first and second forward differences, \(\Delta x(\nu)\) and \(\Delta^2 x(\nu)\). Essential inequalities are derived from the monotonicity of \(a(\nu)(\Delta^2 x(\nu))^{\alpha}\).\N\NSeveral corollaries provide explicit oscillation criteria formulated in terms of summation conditions on \(Q(\nu)\) and \(P(\nu)\), yielding easily verifiable sufficient conditions. An example with \(\alpha=3\) and \(a(\nu)=\nu^{-3}\) illustrates the applicability of the results and shows that the obtained criteria extend beyond those available in earlier works.\N\NMoreover, Theorem~2.2 establishes a comparison result based on third-order linear difference inequalities. It guarantees oscillation of the original equation under the assumption that certain associated inequalities admit no eventually positive monotone solutions, further extending the applicability of the linearization and comparison approach.\N\NOverall, the paper provides new oscillation criteria for higher-order half-linear difference equations by refining comparison techniques and employing a systematic linearization framework.
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