On projective mappings

Descriptive set theory (03E15) Classes of sets (Borel fields, (sigma)-rings, etc.), measurable sets, Suslin sets, analytic sets (28A05) Several topologies on one set (change of topology, comparison of topologies, lattices of topologies) (54A10) Weak and generalized continuity (54C08) Descriptive set theory (topological aspects of Borel, analytic, projective, etc. sets) (54H05)

Review text

The main result of this paper is a straightforward application of the theory of topology refinements to Polish spaces. In modern notation (the author uses the notation of Kuratowski's 1966 book \textit{Topologie}), let \({\mathcal B}_n\) be the \(\sigma\)-algebra generated by the \(\pmb{\Sigma}^1_n\) sets (\textit{i.e.}, \({\mathcal B}_0\) is the standard Borel \(\sigma\)-algebra). The following is a classical result: Let \(\langle X,\tau_X\rangle\) and \(\langle Y,\tau_Y\rangle\) be Polish spaces, and \(f:X\to Y\) a \({\mathcal B}_0\)-measurable function. Then there is a Polish space \(\langle \tilde X,\tau\rangle\) such that (1) \(X\) is a \(\tau\)-closed subset of \(\tilde X\), (2) the subspace topology of \(\tau\) on \(X\) is a refinement of \(\tau_X\), and (3) \(f\) is continuous as a map from \(\langle X,\tau\rangle\) to \(\langle Y,\tau_Y\rangle\). We usually express this as ``a Borel function \(f:X\to Y\) can be made continuous by embedding \(X\) as a closed subset into a larger Polish space. The author generalizes this to his main theorem (Theorem 1): a \({\mathcal B}_n\)-measurable function \(f:X\to Y\) can be made continuous by embedding \(X\) as a \({\mathcal B}_n\) subset into a larger Polish space. This should be seen in the context of standard results on Borel sets and projective sets (cf., e.g., \textit{A. S. Kechris}, Classical descriptive set theory, Graduate Texts in Mathematics. 156. Berlin: Springer-Verlag (1995; Zbl 0819.04002)]), and it should be compared with the following two unpublished theorems of H.~Becker (early 1990s): Call a subset \(A\) of a Polish space \textbf{\(n\)-refinable} if \(A\) is clopen in a topology refinement of the Polish topology that has weight \(\pmb{\delta}^1_n\) and is strong Choquet. Theorem A (Becker). If Projective Determinacy holds, then every \(\Sigma^1_n\) subset of a Polish space is \(n\)-refinable. Theorem B (Becker). If the Axiom of Real Determinacy holds, then every \(n\)-refinable subset of a Polish space is \(\Sigma^1_n\).

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