On radicals of submodules

Let \(R\) be a commutative ring with identity and \(A\) a unital \(R\)-module. For any submodule \(B\) of \(A\) (denoted \(B\leq A\)) let rad\((A)\) be the intersection of all prime submodules of \(A\) containing \(B\). This radical was called the \(M\)-radical in the first named author's dissertation. The authors provide conditions on a ring \(R\) under which one is able to give an elementwise description of the radical of a submodule. Definition. If \(A\) is an \(R\)-module and \(B\leq A\), then the envelope of \(B\), \(E(B)\), is the set \(\{ra\mid r^ na\in B\), for some \(n\in\mathbb{Z}^ +\}\). --- We say that an \(R\)-module \(A\) satisfies the radical formula (s.t.r.f.) if and only if for every \(B\leq A\), rad\((B)=\langle E(B)\rangle\). A ring \(R\) s.t.r.f. if and only if each \(R\)-module s.t.r.f. Theorem. Let \(R\) be a ring. Then \(R\) s.t.r.f. provided any one of the following is satisfied: (1) for every free \(R\)-module \(F\), \(F\) s.t.r.f. (2) for every faithful \(R\)-module \(A\), \(A\) s.t.r.f. (3) for every \(R\)-module \(A\), rad\((0)=\langle E(0)\rangle\). (4) \(R\) is a ring homomorphic image of \(S\), where \(S\) s.t.r.f. The authors show that there are nontrivial examples of modules which s.t.r.f. by proving that if \(R\) is a P.I.D., then any finite dimensional \(R\)-module s.t.r.f. Along the way they characterize the prime submodules of any finite dimensional module over a P.I.D. --- Let \(S\) be an integral domain, \(M\) a projective \(S\)-module and \(M^*=\Hom_ S(M,S)\). If \(B\leq M\), we let \(B^ \bot=\{f\in M^*\mid B\subseteq Ker(f)\}\), and if \(C\subseteq M^*\), we let \(C^ \bot=\{a\in M\mid f(a)=0\), for all \(f\in C\}\). We will say \(B\) is a closed \(S\)-module if and only if \(B^{\bot\bot}=B\). Theorem. If \(R\) is a P.I.D. and \(A=R^ n\), then for any \(P\leq A\) the following are equivalent. (1) \(P\) is a direct summand of \(A\); (2) \(P\) is closed; (3) if \(P\neq A\) then \(P\) is prime and \(\dim P\leq n\); (4) \(P\) has a basis which extends to a basis of \(A\). The authors show also for the situation as described in the previous theorem that for any \(B\leq A\), \(B^{\bot\bot}=KB\cap A\), where \(K\) is the quotient field of \(R\). --- Finally, let \(R\) be a P.I.D., \(A=R^ n\), \(B\leq A\), \(P=B^{\bot\bot}\), and \(P^*=\Hom_ R(P,R)\). Define \(B^ \square=\{f\in P^*\mid f(B)\subseteq\sqrt{(B:P)}\}\) and \(B^{\square\square}=\{a\in P\mid f(a)\in\sqrt{(B:P)},\) for all \(f\in B^ \square\}\). Then, rad\((B)=B^{\square\square}\).

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