On the Poincaré problem solution for a system of two functions

DOI10.1134/S1995080223080292MaRDI QIDQ6140437zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 22 January 2024

Published in Lobachevskii Journal of Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995080223080292

differential substitution Fuchs class differential equation matrix function monodromy group Poincaré problem

Linear ordinary differential equations and systems in the complex domain (34M03) Singularities, monodromy and local behavior of solutions to ordinary differential equations in the complex domain, normal forms (34M35)

Review text

The paper presents the results of calculating the matrices of the monodromy group for the Fuchsian system of differential equations of the form \(\dfrac{dX} {dz}=\sum_{k=1}^{n}\dfrac{U_{k}}{z-a_{k}}\) for \(n=3,4.\) For example, the next theorem was obtained for the system (1) \(\dfrac{dX}{dz}=\dfrac{U_{1}}{z-a_{1}}+\dfrac{U_{2}}{z-a_{2}},\quad U_{1},U_{2}\in M_{2}(\mathbb{C})\). \textbf{Theorem 1}. Let in the differential equation (1) \(\rho_{k},\sigma_{k},k=1,2,\) are the characteristic numbers of matrices \(U_{k};\rho,\sigma\) are the characteristic numbers of the matrix \(U_{1}+U_{2},0<Re(\sigma-\rho)\le1,\alpha_{k}=exp(2\pi i\rho_{k}),\beta_{k}=exp(2\pi i\sigma_{k}),k=1,2,\alpha_{3}=exp(-2\pi i\rho),\beta_{3}=exp2\pi i(1-\sigma),\) and the matrix \(C\) brings the matrix \(U_{1}+U_{2}\) to the Jordanian form. Then, the monodromy matrices of equation (1) can be found by the following formulas: 1) If \(\sigma-\rho\neq0\) and \(\sigma-\rho\neq1\), then \(V_{1}=C\left(\begin{array}{cc} v & c(\alpha_{1}-v)\\ \frac{1}{c}(v-\beta_{1}) & s_{1}-v \end{array}\right)C^{-1},V_{2}=d_{2}C\left(\begin{array}{cc} \beta_{3}(s_{1}-v) & c\alpha_{3}(v-\alpha_{1})\\ \frac{\beta_{3}}{c}(\beta_{1}-v) & \alpha_{3}v \end{array}\right)C^{-1},V_{3}=C\left(\begin{array}{cc} \alpha_{3} & 0\\ 0 & \beta_{3} \end{array}\right)C^{-1}\), where \(v=\frac{d_{2}d_{3}s_{1}-\beta_{3}s_{2}}{\alpha_{3}-\beta_{3}}\). 2) If \(\sigma-\rho=1\), then \(V_{1}=C\left(\begin{array}{cc} cv_{1} & v_{1}\\ -\frac{(cv_{1}-\alpha_{1})(cv_{1}-\beta_{1})}{v_{1}} & s_{1}-cv_{1} \end{array}\right)C^{-1},V_{2}=C\left(\begin{array}{cc} s_{2}-cv_{2} & -v_{2}\\ \frac{(cv_{2}-\alpha_{2})(cv_{2}-\beta_{2})}{v_{2}} & cv_{2} \end{array}\right)C^{-1},V_{3}=C\left(\begin{array}{cc} \alpha_{3} & 0\\ \alpha_{3} & \alpha_{3} \end{array}\right)C^{-1}\), where \(v_{1}=\alpha_{3}d_{1}s_{2}-s_{1},v_{2}=\alpha_{3}d_{2}v_{1}=s_{2}-\alpha_{3}d_{2}s_{1},c\) is an arbitrary constant. As the next simple counter example shows, the second part of the theorem 1 is incorrect. Consider the case when \(U_{1}=\left(\begin{array}{cc} \rho & 0\\ 0 & 0 \end{array}\right)\) and \(U_{2}=\left(\begin{array}{cc} 0 & 0\\ 0 & \rho-1 \end{array}\right)\), then the fundamental matrix of the system will have the form \(X=\left(\begin{array}{cc} (z-a_{1})^{\rho} & 0\\ 0 & (z-a_{2})^{\rho-1} \end{array}\right)\). Therefore, the Galois group, and so the monodromy group, of this equation consists of diagonal matrices. This means that it cannot contain an undiagonalized matrix \(V_{3}\).

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