On the theory of normal forms
Consider the vector field \N\[ \N\dot x = \Lambda x + f(x), \ \ x \in \mathbb{C}^n, \tag{1} \N\]\Nwhere \(\Lambda\) is a constant diagonal matrix with \(n\) different eigenvalues \(\lambda_1, \ldots, \lambda_n\), and \(f\) is a formal vector power series over \(\mathbb{C}\) or a holomorphic vector function \(\mathbb{C}^n \to \mathbb{C}^n\). It is well known that if between \(\lambda_1, \ldots, \lambda_n\) there are no resonant relations \N\[\N\lambda_j = \sum_{k=1}^{n} m_k \lambda_k, \ \ m_k \in \mathbb{Z}_+, \ \ \sum_{k=1}^{n} m_k \ge 2, \tag{2}\N\]\Nthen (1) can be brought to its linear part by a formal power transformation (respectively, a local biholomorphic transformation). In the presence of resonances (2), the field (1) can be brought to Poincaré-Dulac normal form \N\[\N\dot x = \Lambda x + w(x), \ \ x \in \mathbb{C}^n, \tag{3}\N\]\Nwhere the nonlinear part \(w\) contains only resonant monomials, which correspond to resonances (2). A characteristic property of the Poincaré-Dulac normal form (3) is that the fields \(\Lambda x\) and \(w(x)\) commute. Therefore, the field (3) admits a linear field of symmetries \(x \mapsto \Lambda x\). This observation is generalized in the present paper.\N\NEach resonance (2) defined a hyperplane in \(\mathbb{C}^n\) with coordinates \(\lambda_1, \ldots, \lambda_n\). The intersection of these hyperplanes is a vector subspace \(R\), which is called the resonant space.\N\NTheorem 1. The Poincaré-Dulac normal form (3) admits \(r\) independent linear vector fields commuting with (3) and with each other, where \(r = \dim R \ge 1\).\N\NTheorem 2. Suppose that in a neighborhood of the equilibrium \(x=0\) system (1) with holomorphic \(f\) admits \(n\) holomorphic vector fields \N\[\N\dot x = M_s x + \cdots, \ \ M_s = \mathrm{diag}\,(\mu_{1s}, \ldots, \mu_{ns}), \ \ s=1, \ldots, n, \tag{4} \N\]\Nwhere \(\det \|\mu_{ij}\| \neq 0\), that commute with (1) and with each other If the eigenvalues of \(\Lambda\) do not satisfy any of the resonance relations (2), then the fields (4) can be simultaneously reduced to their linear parts by a biholomorphic transformation.
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