On token signed graphs

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The paper introduces the notion of \(k\)-token signed graphs, which is a generalization of the concept of token graphs, and presents some of its combinatorial and algebraic properties. The frustration index of a signed graph is the minimum number of edges that we need to remove to obtain a balanced graph. This paper provides bounds for the frustration index of a \(k\)-token signed graph. Besides, the paper introduces and studies the unbalance level of a signed graph, which is a new parameter that measures how far a signed graph is from being balanced. Moreover, the relation between the frustration index and the unbalance level of signed graphs and their token signed graphs is described here.\N\NAdditionally, the paper demonstrates that if two signed graphs are switching isomorphic, then their corresponding token graphs are also switching isomorphic. The paper also discusses some spectral properties of \(k\)-token signed graphs. In particular, the Laplacian spectrum of a balanced signed graph is contained in the Laplacian spectra of its \(k\)-token signed graph.











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