Open images of circularly chainable continua
A continuum means a compact connected space (not necessarily metrizable). A compact space X is said to be chainable (circularly chainable) if for each finite covering \(\omega\) of X there exists an \(\omega\)-mapping of X onto a segment (a circle). Theorem 1. Open mappings preserve chainability of continua. Theorem 2. Let f: \(X\to Y\) be an open mapping of a circularly chainable compact space X onto a nondegenerate space Y. Then Y is either a chainable or a circularly chainable continuum. Theorem 1 was proved for the metric case by \textit{I. Rosenholtz} [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 42, 258-264 (1974; Zbl 0276.54033)]. Theorem 2 has been shown for metrizable X and decomposable Y by \textit{E. Duda and \textit{J. Kell}} [Proc. International Conference on Geometric Topology, PWN Warszawa 1980, 109-111]. The key argument in both proofs is the following lemma. If a mapping f: \(X\to Y\) between compact spaces X and Y is open and \(\phi: X\to [0,1]\) is continuous, then \(\psi: Y\to [0,1]\) defined by \(\psi(y)=\sup \phi f^{-1}(y)\) is also continuous. \{Reviewer's remark: The reviewer was not able to verify all details of the proof of Theorem 2. Some steps in this proof are stated without full argument.\}
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