Optimal estimates for the gradient of harmonic functions in the unit disk

DOI10.1007/S11785-011-0187-5MaRDI QIDQ371851zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors David Kalaj, Marijan Marković

Publication date 10 October 2013

Published in Complex Analysis and Operator Theory (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1012.3153

zbMATH Keywords

Bloch functions Hardy spaces harmonic functions

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Hardy spaces (30H10) Harmonic, subharmonic, superharmonic functions in two dimensions (31A05)

Abstract: Concrete sharp constants in a pointwise estimate of the gradient of a harmonic function in the unit disk are obtained under the assumption that function belong to Hardy space

h^{p}

,

p g e 1

. This generalizes some recent result of Maz'ya & Kresin and a result of Colonna related to the Bloch constant of harmonic mappings of the unit disk into itself.

Review text

The authors prove sharp, optimal estimates for the gradients of \(h^p\) harmonic functions in the unit disk. Using the Hölder inequality, they compute the \(L^q\) norm (where \(1/p +1/q =1\)) of the kernel \({\roman Re}{ e^{-i(\vartheta+\tau)}\over |\overline{z}-e^{-i\vartheta}|^2}\) and, when \(p>2\), they express it in terms of the beta functions and the Gauss hypergeometric function. Using the real part, \(u\) and the imaginary part, \(v\) of \(w\), they consider the differential matrix \(Dw(z)=\left( { u_x \atop v_x} { u_y \atop v_y }\right)\) and its norm defined by \(|Dw(z)|=\max\{|Dw(z) l|: |l|=1\}\). Their main estimate is as follows. Theorem 1.1. Let \(p>1\) and let \(q\) be its conjugate. Let \(w\in h^p\) be a complex harmonic function in the unit disk. Fix \(z\not= 0\), \(|z|<1\). Let \({\mathbf n}=z/|z|\), \({\mathbf t}=i z/|z|\). \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] Then, at \(z=r e^{i\alpha}\), \[ \begin{aligned} |Dw(z) e^{i\tau}| &\le C_p(z,e^{i\tau}) (1-r^2)^{-1/p -1} \|w\|_{h^p}, \cr |Dw(z) | &\le C_p(z) (1-r^2)^{-1/p -1} \|w\|_{h^p},\end{aligned} \] where \[ \begin{aligned} C_p(z,e^{i\tau}) &= {1 \over \pi} \left( \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} {|\cos(s+\tau-\alpha)|^q \over (1+r^2-2r\cos s)^{1-q}} ds \right)^{1/q}, \cr C_p(z) &= \begin{cases} C_p(z,\bold n) & \text{ if \(p < 2 \), } \\ C_p(z,\bold t) & \text{ if \(p\ge 2\).} \end{cases} \end{aligned} \] Moreover, \[ \begin{aligned} C_p(z,{\bold t}) \le C_p(z,e^{i\tau}) & \le C_p(z,{\bold n}) \quad\text{if } p<2, \cr C_p(z,{\bold n}) \le C_p(z,e^{i\tau}) & \le C_p(z,{\bold t}) \quad\text{if } p\ge 2. \end{aligned} \] \item[(b)] For \(p \geq 2\), \[ C_p(z)={2^{1/q} \over \pi} \left(B\left({1+q \over 2},{1\over 2}\right) F\left(1-{3q \over 2}, 1-q; 1+{q\over 2}; r^2\right) \right)^{1/q}, \] where \(B\) is the beta function and \(F\) is the Gauss hypergeometric function. \item[(c)] Finally, \[ \sup_{|z|<1} C_p(z)= \begin{cases} {1\over \pi}\left( \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} { |\cos s|^q \over (2-2\cos s)^{1-q}} ds\right)^{1/q} & \text{ if \(1< p<2\),} \\ {1\over \pi}\left( \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} { |\sin s|^q \over (2-2\cos s)^{1-q}} ds\right)^{1/q} & \text{ if \(p\geq 2\).} \end{cases} \] \end{itemize} The authors also relate their results to some earlier results, e.g. by \textit{G. Kresin} and \textit{V. Maz'ya} [Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. 28, No. 2, 425--440 (2010; Zbl 1221.35111)] and \textit{F. Colonna} [Indiana Univ. Math. J. 38, No. 4, 829--840 (1989; Zbl 0677.30020)].

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