Optimization methods in electromagnetic radiation.

DOI10.1007/B97629MaRDI QIDQ4445270zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Andreas Kirsch, Thomas S. Angell

Publication date 1 February 2004

Published in Springer Monographs in Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1007/b97629

Laplace operator, Helmholtz equation (reduced wave equation), Poisson equation (35J05) PDEs in connection with optics and electromagnetic theory (35Q60) Applications of operator theory in systems, signals, circuits, and control theory (47N70) Numerical optimization and variational techniques (65K10) Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to optics and electromagnetic theory (78-02) Optimization problems in optics and electromagnetic theory (78M50) Controllability, observability, and system structure (93B99)

Review text

According to the author's preface, the intention of this book is to appeal both to mathematicians interested in optimization and to engineers who are interested in a systematical mathematical approach to the problems which are of interest to them. To a very great extent, it is successful in achieving its intention, although on the whole, the emphasis lies more towards the mathematical approach, rather than on an engineering approach. There are eight chapters. The first chapter is entitled ``Arrays of point and line sources and optimization. After a discussion of arrays of point sources, the authors pass on to discuss the maximization of directivity and super gain, pointing out that the requirements for the two concepts may well be different. This is followed by a discussion of the so-called Dolph-Chebyshev arrays and it is pointed out that in order to obtain maximum beam width and peak power in the main beam, it is necessary to minimize the level of side-lobes. Following on this, there is a treatment of line sources and a short analysis of methods of numerical integration. The second chapter gives a treatment of Maxwell's equations and associated matters. Amongst the topics discussed are constitutive equations, time harmonic fields, radiation conditions and boundary conditions. There is also a short treatment of two-dimensional systems. The third chapter is on ``Optimization theory for antennas. It is pointed out that there are two ways of considering optimization. One is to consider the gain in a particular direction, and the other is to consider the ratio of the power in the far field to the power supplied by the generator. The chapter considers optimization, the problems of existence and uniqueness are mentioned, the importance of treating constraints is discussed and topics such as extreme points and optimal solutions are dealt with. To complete the elementary ideas of the calculus of variations needed, Lagrange multipliers and finite diverse and approximations are discussed. The chapter closes with work on far field patterns and measures of antenna performance. The title of the fourth chapter is ``The synthesis problem. This begins with a discussion of so-called ill-posed problems. The ideas of regularization by constraints and least squares ``quasi-solutions are discussed and are illustrated by Tikhonov regularization. Finally, it is noted that the processes concerned lead to a second kind Fredholm integral equation and the Nyström method for the solution of these is set out. A numerical example of regularization is given. In chapter 5 ``Boundary value problems for the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation, the authors commence by considering the two types of field possible, the E-modes and the H-modes. They consider Rellich's lemma, and its connection with uniqueness and treat the problem of boundary data. Possible numerical methods are suggested, there is a mention of families of solutions, and the use of finite-element and perfectly matched layer methods is suggested. The sixth chapter on ``Boundary value problems for Maxwell's equations is brief. Existence and uniqueness theorems are proved and there is a brief mention of the effect of boundary data on solutions. The seventh chapter is entitled ``Some particular optimization problems and discusses a number of topics, such as maximization of power, and input constraints. These are illustrated by some examples. The null-placement problem and the associated topic of maximization of power with prescribed nulls, and point wise constraints and patterns perturbation are considered. The chapter closes with an analysis of topics associated with signal-to-noise ratio. The eighth chapter is entitled ``Conflicting objectives: the vector optimization problem. Multicriteria optimization is considered and the concepts of Pareto points are introduced. The possibility of secularization is considered and a number of Dolph problems are discussed. There is a treatment of null-placement problems and super-gain together with minimum pattern deviation, and there is further work on Lagrange multipliers. There are a number of appendices dealing with topics such as abstract spaces, Lebesgue integrals, orthonormal systems, linear-bounded and compact operations, the Hahn-Banach theorem, Fréchet derivatives, weak convergence and partial orderings. The book closes with a list of 145 references with eleven in German and one in Russian. There is also a satisfactory index with the additional advantage of a list of abstract spaces. The text throughout is supplemented by a large number of diagrams. What of the book as a whole? It is very much on the abstract side and I do not think that many radio/radar/electrical engineers will have the sufficient mathematical knowledge to deal with all the abstract spaces used in the book. One would have expected one or two references to radiation from the ends of waveguides, or through an aperture, and there is no reference to the Schwinger-Levine school of the 40s of the last century. The book is well printed and of pleasing appearance. At the price stated, few individuals and very few universities in the UK will be able to afford it, which is a pity as it can be recommended.

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