Packing polynomials on irrational sectors

Exact enumeration problems, generating functions (05A15) Representation functions (11B34) Lattice packing and covering (number-theoretic aspects) (11H31) Lattices and convex bodies in (2) dimensions (aspects of discrete geometry) (52C05) Packing and covering in (2) dimensions (aspects of discrete geometry) (52C15)

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It has been established by \textit{R. Fueter} and \textit{G. Pólya} [Vierteljahrsschr. Naturwiss. Ges. Zürich 58, 380--386 (1923; JFM 49.0129.02)] that there are only two quadratic polynomials (discovered by \textit{G. Cantor} [J. Reine Angew. Math. 84, 242--259 (1877; JFM 09.0379.01)]) realizing a bijection \(f:\ N_0^2\to N_0\), where \(N_0\) is the set of non-negative integers. Such polynomials are called \textit{packing polynomials for \(N_0^2\)\/}. Two simpler proofs were later given by \textit{M. A. Vsemirnov} [St. Petersbg. Math. J. 13, No. 5, 1 (2002; Zbl 1021.11006); translation from Algebra Anal. 13, No. 5, 1--15 (2001); correction ibid. 14, No. 5, 887 (2003); resp. ibid. 14, No. 5, 240 (2001)]. Later \textit{M. B. Nathanson} [J. Algebra Appl. 13, No. 5, Article ID 1350165, 14 p. (2014; Zbl 1290.05010); Am. Math. Mon. 123, No. 10, 1001--1012 (2016; Zbl 1391.11060)] considered quadratic packing polynomials in the case when \(N_0^2\) is replaced by \[ S^{\alpha,\beta}=N_0^2\cap\{(x,y):\ \alpha x\le y\le \beta x\} \] for \(\alpha=0\) and rational \(\beta=r/s\) with \((r,s)=1\) and \(r|s-1\). It has been shown by \textit{C. Stanton} [Integers 14, Paper A67, 13 p. (2014; Zbl 1348.11075)] that if \(f(x,y)\) is a quadratic packing polynomial for \(S^{0,r/s}\) with \((r,s)=1\), then \(s\) divides \((1-r)^2\) and the homogeneous part of \(f\) equals \[ \frac s2\left(x+\frac{1-r}sY\right)^2. \] Nathanson asked whether there exist such polynomials for irrational \(\beta\) and a negative answer has been found by \textit{K. S. Gjaldbaek} [``Non-injectivity of nonzero discriminant polynomials and applications to packing polynomials, in: Combinatorial and additive number theory IV. Berlin: Springer Verlag. 195--201 (2021)]. In Theorem 1 the authors give some necessary conditions for a quadratic polynomial \(f(x,y)\) to be a packing polynomial for \(S^{\alpha,\beta}\) and use it to obtain fresh proofs for the results of Stanton and Gjaldbaek.

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