Parity and Generalized Multiplicity
Let \(X\) and \(Y\) be Banach spaces and \(\alpha: I=[a,b]\to{\mathcal L}(X,Y)\) be a path of linear Fredholm operators with invertible endpoints. In the paper [Proc. Symp. Pure Math. 45, Part 1, 425-438 (1986; Zbl 0628.47039)] the authors have defined a homotopy invariant of \(\alpha\), \(\sigma(\alpha,I)\in\mathbb{Z}_ 2\), the parity of \(\alpha\) on \(I\). In this paper the following properties of \(\sigma\) are established: the parity is a mod 2 count of the number of transversal intersections of \(\alpha(I)\) with the set of non invertible zero index Fredholm operators (\(\equiv\) singular operators, by authors' definition); for an isolated singular point \(\lambda_ 0\) of \(\alpha\) the local parity \[ \sigma(\alpha,\lambda_ 0)\equiv\lim_{\varepsilon\to 0}\sigma(\alpha,[\lambda_ 0-\varepsilon,\lambda_ 0+\varepsilon]) \] remains invariant under Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction; \(\sigma(\alpha,\lambda_ 0)=(-1)^{m_ G(\lambda_ 0)}\), where \(m_ G(\lambda_ 0)\) is anyone of the various concepts of generalized multiplicity which have been defined in the context of linearized bifurcation data.
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