Period doubling and quadrupling for some second-order difference schemes

Stability theory for smooth dynamical systems (37C75) Strange attractors, chaotic dynamics of systems with hyperbolic behavior (37D45) Local and nonlocal bifurcation theory for dynamical systems (37G99)

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For any mapping \(f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}\) (nonlinear and continuously differentiable) define \(F: \mathbb{R}^ 2 \to \mathbb{R}^ 2\) by \(F(x,y) = (f(y),x)\). The main results of the paper are the following: (1) Assume that \(f\) has an \(n\)-cycle \(C\). (i) If \(n\) is even then \(C \times C\) consists of \(n/2\) cycles of \(F\) with period \(2n\); (ii) if \(n\) is odd then \(C\times C\) consists of \((n-1)/2\) cycles of \(F\) with period \(2n\) and one cycle of \(F\) with period \(n\). (2) All the periodic cycles of \(F\) in \(C \times C\) have the same stability as the \(n\)-cycle \(C\) of \(f\). (3) Let \(f_ \alpha: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}\) be a one parameter family of mappings and consider the corresponding family \(F_ \alpha(x,y) = (f_ \alpha(y),x)\). Assume that a stable \(n\)-cycle of \(n\)-cycle of \(f_ \alpha\) bifurcates into a stable \(2n\)-cycle. Then each of the resulting stable \(2n\)-cycles of \(F_ \alpha\) bifurcates into two stable \(4n\)- cycles, and the one stable \(n\)-cycle of \(F_ \alpha\) that exists when \(n\) is odd bifurcates into one stable \(4n\)-cycle. (4) For some fixed \(r\) assume \(f_ r(t) = g(0,rt)\) has a hyperbolic \(n\)- cycle. Then for all sufficiently small \(p \geq 0\), \(G(p,r,x,y) = (g(px,ry),x)\) satisfies (i) if \(n\) is even then \(G\) has \(n/2\) different \(n\)-cycles; (ii) if \(n\) is odd then \(G\) has \((n-1)/2\) different \(2n\)- cycles and one \(n\)-cycle; (iii) all these cycles have the same stability. (5) Assume a stable \(n\)-cycle of \(f_ r(t) = g(0,rt)\) bifurcates into a stable \(2n\)-cycle at \(r=r_ n\), each resulting stable \(2n\)-cycle of \(G(p,r,x,y) = (g(px,ry),x)\) bifurcates into two stable \(4n\)-cycles, and the one stable \(n\)-cycle of \(G\) that exists when \(n\) is odd bifurcates into one stable \(4n\)-cycle.

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