Periodic solutions for a class of nonlinear differential equations

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It is well known that delay differential equations (DDEs) are a class of functional differential equations (FDEs). There are two main types of DDEs. One is discrete delay differential equations, and the other type is distributed delay differential equations. Among those methods, Kaplan-Yorke's method and critical point theory are two useful tools to find periodic solutions for discrete delay differential equations. In this paper, the authors address the existence and multiplicity of 2-periodic solutions to differential equations with a distributed delay. Combining Kaplan-Yorke's method with pseudoindex theory, the authors estimate the number of periodic solutions when the equations are both resonant and nonresonant. More specifically, the authors define two indices using asymptotic linear coefficient matrices at the origin and at infinity. Then the lower bound on the number of periodic solutions to the equations is estimated by the indices. The main reference is the works of \textit{Y. Nakata} [Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., Ser. S 14, No. 3, 1103--1110 (2021; Zbl 1460.34082)].



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