Pivot duality of universal interpolation and extrapolation spaces

DOI10.1016/J.JMAA.2017.11.042MaRDI QIDQ1688839zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Sven-Ake Wegner, Christian Bargetz

Publication date 11 January 2018

Published in Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.00763

\(C_0\)-semigroup dual with respect to a pivot space extrapolation space inductive limit interpolation space LB-space projective limit

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Spaces defined by inductive or projective limits (LB, LF, etc.) (46A13) Inductive and projective limits in functional analysis (46M40) Groups and semigroups of linear operators (47D03)

Abstract: It is a widely used method, for instance in perturbation theory, to associate with a given C0-semigroup its so-called interpolation and extrapolation spaces. In the model case of the shift semigroup acting on L^2(R), the resulting chain of spaces recovers the classical Sobolev scale. In 2014, the second named author defined the universal interpolation space as the projective limit of the interpolation spaces and the universal extrapolation space as the completion of the inductive limit of the extrapolation spaces, provided that the latter is Hausdorff. In this note we use the notion of the dual with respect to a pivot space in order to show that the aforementioned inductive limit is Hausdorff, already complete, and can be represented as the dual of the projective limit whenever a power of the generator of the initial semigroup is a self-adjoint operator. In the case of the classical Sobolev scale we show that the duality holds, and that the two universal spaces were already studied by Laurent Schwartz in the 1950s. Our results and examples complement the approach of Haase, who in 2006 gave a different definition of universal extrapolation spaces in the context of functional calculi. Haase avoids the inductive limit topology precisely for the reason that it a priori cannot be guaranteed that the latter is always Hausdorff. We show that this is indeed the case provided that we start with a semigroup defined on a reflexive Banach space.

Review text

Let \(A\) be the generator of a \(C_0\)-semigroup on a Banach space \(X\). With a re-scaling procedure it is possible to assume without loss of generality that the inverse of \(A\) exists and is a bounded operator on \(X\). \textit{S.-A. Wegner} [Ann. Univ. Ferrara, Sez. VII, Sci. Mat. 60, No. 2, 447--463 (2014; Zbl 1311.47055)] defined the universal interpolation space as the projective limit of the interpolation spaces associated with \(A\), and the universal extrapolation space as the completion of the inductive limit of the extrapolation spaces, if this inductive limit is a Hausdorff space. It is a widely used method, for instance in perturbation theory, to associate with a given \(C_0\)-semigroup its so-called interpolation and extrapolation spaces. In the model case of the shift semigroup acting on \(L^2(\mathbb{R})\), the resulting chain of spaces recovers the classical Sobolev scale. A different definition of universal extrapolation space was given by \textit{M. Haase} [The functional calculus for sectorial operators. Basel: Birkhäuser (2006; Zbl 1101.47010); Integral Equations Oper. Theory 56, No. 2, 197--228 (2006; Zbl 1099.47014)] in the context of functional calculus. He avoided the use of inductive topology since it was not possible to guarantee that it was Hausdorff. The main aim of the present paper is to prove that, in the case of reflexive Banach spaces \(X\), the inductive limit of the extrapolation spaces associated with the operator A is already a Hausdorff and complete space. If the space \(X\) is Hilbert, then the inductive limit can be represented as the dual of the projective limit whenever a power of the generator of the initial semigroup is a self-adjoint operator. Some examples are discussed.

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Universal extrapolation spaces for \(C_0\)-semigroups

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