Pivot duality of universal interpolation and extrapolation spaces (Q1688839)

Let \(A\) be the generator of a \(C_0\)-semigroup on a Banach space \(X\). With a re-scaling procedure it is possible to assume without loss of generality that the inverse of \(A\) exists and is a bounded operator on \(X\). \textit{S.-A. Wegner} [Ann. Univ. Ferrara, Sez. VII, Sci. Mat. 60, No. 2, 447--463 (2014; Zbl 1311.47055)] defined the universal interpolation space as the projective limit of the interpolation spaces associated with \(A\), and the universal extrapolation space as the completion of the inductive limit of the extrapolation spaces, if this inductive limit is a Hausdorff space. It is a widely used method, for instance in perturbation theory, to associate with a given \(C_0\)-semigroup its so-called interpolation and extrapolation spaces. In the model case of the shift semigroup acting on \(L^2(\mathbb{R})\), the resulting chain of spaces recovers the classical Sobolev scale. A different definition of universal extrapolation space was given by \textit{M. Haase} [The functional calculus for sectorial operators. Basel: Birkhäuser (2006; Zbl 1101.47010); Integral Equations Oper. Theory 56, No. 2, 197--228 (2006; Zbl 1099.47014)] in the context of functional calculus. He avoided the use of inductive topology since it was not possible to guarantee that it was Hausdorff. The main aim of the present paper is to prove that, in the case of reflexive Banach spaces \(X\), the inductive limit of the extrapolation spaces associated with the operator A is already a Hausdorff and complete space. If the space \(X\) is Hilbert, then the inductive limit can be represented as the dual of the projective limit whenever a power of the generator of the initial semigroup is a self-adjoint operator. Some examples are discussed.