Pointwise monotonic functions and generalized subadditivity

Monotonic functions, generalizations (26A48) Convexity of real functions in one variable, generalizations (26A51) Orthogonal additivity and other conditional functional equations (39B55) Functional inequalities, including subadditivity, convexity, etc. (39B62)

Review text

A real function \(f\) defined in an open interval \(I\) is called increasing at a point \(x_0\in I\) if \[ \limsup_{x\to x_0-} f(x) \leq f(x_0 ) \leq \liminf_{x\to x_0+} f(x) \] and \(f\) is called pointwise increasing in \(I\) if it is increasing at every point of \(I\). Analogously, we define a pointwise decreasing function (see [\textit{J. Matkowski} and \textit{T. Swiatkowski}, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 154, No. 2, 493--506 (1991; Zbl 0725.39007)]). The author proves that if \(f\) is one-to-one increasing and \[ \liminf _{t\to \sup I} f(t) = \sup f(I) \qquad \text{or} \qquad \limsup_{t\to \inf I} f(t) = \inf f(I) \] then \(f\) is strictly increasing and continuous. It is well-known [\textit{M. Kuczma}, An introduction to the theory of functional equations and inequalities. Cauchy's equation and Jensen's inequality. Warszawa-Kraków-Katowice: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (1985; Zbl 0555.39004)] that every subadditive function \(f : (0, \infty) \to \mathbb{R}\) satisfying \(f(0+) =0\) is pointwise decreasing. The author shows that this feature is characteristic for a much larger class of functions satisfying the inequality \[ f(\alpha x+y) \leq a f(x) + f(y), \qquad x,y\in J, \] for some positive real numbers \(\alpha\) and \(a\), where \(J\) stands for \(\mathbb{R}\) or \((0,\infty)\) or \((-\infty,0)\). If \(f: J \to \mathbb{R}\) is subadditive and \(a=\alpha\), \(b=\beta \in \mathbb{N}\), then \[ f(\alpha x +\beta y) \leq a f(x) + b f(y), \qquad x,y\in J, \] which is called generalized subadditive. Using a result of \textit{D. Raikov} [Rec. Math. Moscou, n. Ser. 5, 425--440 (1939; Zbl 0022.21003)], the author obtains some refinements of the classical results on subadditive functions. He applies the results on the pointwise monotonicity in the proof of the continuity of one-to-one generalized subadditive functions to obtain a considerable generalization of the result on subadditive functions proved by him and \textit{T. Swiatkowski} [loc. cit. and Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 119, No. 1, 187--197 (1993; Zbl 0785.39004)]. The author deals with periodicity and monotonicity of generalized subadditive functions \(f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}\) and injective generalized subadditive functions defined in \(\mathbb{R}\). Some remarks and examples are given.

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