Positive periodic solution of second-order difference equation with a repulsive singularity

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The paper consider a second-order difference equation \[ \Delta^2 u(m-1)=f(m,u(m)), \tag{1} \] with periodic boundary value conditions \[ u(0)=u(\omega), \qquad \Delta u(0)=\Delta u(\omega), \tag{2} \] where \( \omega \) is a positive integer, \[ m\in \mathbb{Z}[ 1, +\infty), \qquad f(m,u): \mathbb{Z}[1,+\infty)\times (0,+\infty )\rightarrow \mathbb{R} \] is a continuous \(\omega\)-periodic function, and \( f(m,u) \) may be singular at \( u=0 \). The novel contributions with respect to the provided references are: (1) Exception of one specific condition that restricts the lower bound of \( f\); the remaining conditions are related only to the value of \( f \) at \( u=0 \) and \( u=+\infty \); (2) The lower bound of \( f \) is not a fixed constant; (3) \( f \) allows both superlinearity and semilinearity; (4) The monotonicity of \( f \) is no longer required. The authors determine existence conditions of positive periodic solutions in the context of a repulsive singularity, a weak singularity and a strong singularity.



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