Primitive roots in cubic extensions of finite fields.
Suppose \(\theta\) generates the finite field \({\mathbb F}_{q^n}={\mathbb F}_q\). The authors ask whether it is possible to find \(a, b\) in \({\mathbb F}_q\) such that \(a\theta+b\) is a primitive root of \({\mathbb F}_{q^n}\). This is easy for \(n=2\) by a counting argument and the authors prove it for \(n=3\). The argument depends on an estimate of Katz for character sums: if \(\chi\) is a non-trivial multiplicative character of \({\mathbb F}_{q^n}\), then \(\left| \sum_{b\;\text{ in}\;{\mathbb F}_q} \chi(\theta+b)\right| \leq (n-1)\sqrt q\). The number of elements of \({\mathbb F}_{q^n}\) of order \(e\) can be expressed in terms of such character sums and estimated by a simple sieve. This yields a finite list of relatively small prime powers for which the desired result may not hold and these can be checked. The primitive root problem with \(a=1\) is much more difficult. The sieve technique leads to more and larger possible exceptions. Checking this list uncovers some small exceptions and then no more as far as the calculations can be pursued. On this basis, the authors conjecture that for any prime power \(q\neq 3,7,9,13,37\) and any \(\theta\) such that \({\mathbb F}_q(\theta)={\mathbb F}_{q^n}\), there exists \(b\) in \({\mathbb F}_q\) such that \(\theta+b\) is a primitive root. For the entire collection see [Zbl 0995.00009].
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- POLYNOMIAL REPRESENTATIONS FOR n-TH ROOTS IN FINITE FIELDS
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