Probabilistic foundations of contextuality
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Abstract: Contextuality is usually defined as absence of a joint distribution for a set of measurements (random variables) with known joint distributions of some of its subsets. However, if these subsets of measurements are not disjoint, contextuality is mathematically impossible even if one generally allows (as one must) for random variables not to be jointly distributed. To avoid contradictions one has to adopt the Contextuality-by-Default approach: measurements made in different contexts are always distinct and stochastically unrelated to each other. Contextuality is reformulated then in terms of the (im)possibility of imposing on all the measurements in a system a joint distribution of a particular kind: such that any measurements of one and the same property made in different contexts satisfy a specified property, . In the traditional analysis of contextuality means "are equal to each other with probability 1". However, if the system of measurements violates the "no-disturbance principle", due to signaling or experimental biases, then the meaning of has to be generalized, and the proposed generalization is "are equal to each other with maximal possible probability" (applied to any set of measurements of one and the same property). This approach is illustrated on arbitrary systems of binary measurements, including most of quantum systems of traditional interest in contextuality studies (irrespective of whether "no-disturbance" principle holds in them).
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Cited in
(35)- Contextuality-by-default 2.0: systems with binary random variables
- Advanced analysis of quantum contextuality in a psychophysical double-detection experiment
- Minimal distance to approximating noncontextual system as a measure of contextuality
- On universality of classical probability with contextually labeled random variables
- Quantum like modeling of decision making: quantifying uncertainty with the aid of Heisenberg-Robertson inequality
- Contextuality and dichotomizations of random variables
- Contextuality and quantum discord
- Can there be given any meaning to contextuality without incompatibility?
- On universality of classical probability with contextually labeled random variables: response to A. Khrennikov
- True contextuality in a psychophysical experiment
- Spooky action-at-a-distance in general probabilistic theories
- Varieties of contextuality based on probability and structural nonembeddability
- A note on the relation between the contextual fraction and \(\mathrm{CNT}_2\)
- Contextuality-by-default: a brief overview of ideas, concepts, and terminology
- Proof of a conjecture on contextuality in cyclic systems with binary variables
- Is there contextuality in behavioural and social systems?
- Context-content systems of random variables: the contextuality-by-default theory
- Negative probabilities and contextuality
- Non-Kolmogorovian approach to the context-dependent systems breaking the classical probability law
- Contextuality in canonical systems of random variables
- Necessary conditions for extended noncontextuality in general sets of random variables
- Logic of Local Inference for Contextuality in Quantum Physics and Beyond
- Replacing nothing with something special: contextuality-by-default and dummy measurements
- Contextuality in three types of quantum-mechanical systems
- Quantum measurements and contextuality
- Relating causal and probabilistic approaches to contextuality
- On joint distributions, counterfactual values and hidden variables in understanding contextuality
- On measures and measurements: a fibre bundle approach to contextuality
- Measures of contextuality and non-contextuality
- Contextuality Scenarios Arising from Networks of Stochastic Processes
- Contextuality with a small number of observables
- Incompatibility of observables, channels and instruments in information theories
- The contextuality-by-default view of the sheaf-theoretic approach to contextuality
- Stochastic unrelatedness, couplings, and contextuality
- Causal contextuality and contextuality-by-default are different concepts
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