Pronormality in uncountable groups
Let \(G\) be a group. A subgroup \(X\) of \(G\) is called \textit{pronormal} if for every \(g \in G\), the subgroups \(X\) and \(X^g\) are conjugate in the subgroup \(\langle X, X^g \rangle\). Pronormality generalizes normality and plays a significant role, for instance, in the study of groups where normality is transitive (T-groups), as a subgroup is normal if and only if it is both subnormal and pronormal.\N\NThis paper investigates the structure of uncountable groups possessing many pronormal subgroups. Specifically, let \(\aleph\) be an uncountable regular cardinal number. The authors study groups \(G\) of cardinality \(|G| = \aleph\) such that every subgroup \(X\) of \(G\) with \(|X| = \aleph\) (a ``large subgroup) is pronormal in \(G\). This continues research lines exploring properties imposed on subgroups of large cardinality and extends the study of groups where ``all subgroups are pronormal (by \textit{N. F. Kuzennyj} and \textit{I. Ya. Subbotin} [Ukr. Math. J. 39, No. 3, 251--254 (1987; Zbl 0642.20028); translation from Ukr. Mat. Zh. 39, No. 3, 325--329 (1987)]).\N\NThe investigation mainly focuses on locally graded groups. Let \(H\) denote the Hirsch-Plotkin radical of \(G\), namely the subgroup of \(G\) generated by every normal locally nilpotent subgroup of \(G\). A key initial result (Theorem 2.2) shows that if such a group \(G\) in which all large subgroups are pronormal contains a large abelian normal subgroup \(A\), then all subgroups of \(G\) must be pronormal. From this, many results follow. The structure of such groups depends heavily on whether the group is periodic. For non-periodic locally graded groups \(G\) of cardinality \(\aleph\) where \(H\) is large, the condition that all large subgroups are pronormal forces \(G\) to be nilpotent and consequently all large subgroups are actually normal (Theorem 2.7). This effectively reduces the non-periodic case to the study of groups where large subgroups are normal.\N\NThe periodic case requires a more detailed analysis.\N\NThe main results are as follows:\N\NTheorem 2.2. Let \(G\) be a group of cardinality \(\aleph\) in which all large subgroups are pronormal. If \(G\) contains a large abelian normal subgroup, then all subgroups of \(G\) are pronormal.\N\NTheorem 2.7. Let \(G\) be a non-periodic locally graded group of cardinality \(\aleph\) in which all large subgroups are pronormal. If the Hirsch-Plotkin radical \(H\) of \(G\) is large, then \(G\) is nilpotent and all its large subgroups are normal.\N\N\NFinally, Theorem 2.15 provides a detailed characterisation of periodic locally graded groups (with a large Hirsch-Plotkin radical \(H\)) in which every large subgroup is pronormal.
- A note on commutator subgroups in groups of large cardinality
- A note on locally graded groups
- AN IMBEDDING THEOREM FOR GROUPS AND ITS COROLLARIES
- Finite Soluble Groups with Pronormal System Normalizers
- Groups in which all subgroups are pronormal.
- Groups satisfying the minimal condition on subgroups which are not transitively normal
- GROUPS WITH NORMALITY CONDITIONS FOR UNCOUNTABLE SUBGROUPS
- Groups with pronormal deviation
- Gruppen, in denen das Normalteilersein transitiv ist.
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- Normality in uncountable groups
- Permutability in uncountable groups
- Pronormality in group theory
- Pronormality of Hall subgroups in finite simple groups.
- Uncountable groups in which normality is a transitive relation
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