The local Langlands conjecture for GL(n) over a p-adic field, n

complex representations of the Weil-Deligne group cuspidal representations embeddings of cuspidal automorphic representations epsilon factor global embeddings irreducible admissible representations local Langlands conjecture

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Representation-theoretic methods; automorphic representations over local and global fields (11F70) Galois representations (11F80) Langlands-Weil conjectures, nonabelian class field theory (11S37) Representations of Lie and linear algebraic groups over local fields (22E50) Representations of Lie and linear algebraic groups over global fields and adèle rings (22E55)

Abstract: Let F be a p-adic field and n a positive integer. The local Langlands conjecture asserts the existence of a bijection between irreducible admissible representations of GL(n,F) and n-dimensional admissible representations of the Weil-Deligne group of F. This bijection is required to satisfy certain natural compatibilities, of which the most important is compatibility with local functional equations (preservation of L and epsilon factors of pairs). It is enough to construct a bijection with these properties between supercuspidal representations of GL(n,F) and n-dimensional irreducible representations of the Weil group of F. In a previous paper, the author constructed a canonical bijection on the etale cohomology of the rigid-analytic coverings of the p-adic upper half space constructed by Drinfeld. (That the map in the previous paper is a bijection was actually proved by Henniart.) However, the compatibility of epsilon factors of pairs was not shown. The present article uses a technique of non-Galois automorphic induction to show that the bijection previously constructed is compatible with epsilon factors of pairs of representations of GL(n,F) and GL(m,F) when n and m are prime to p (the tame case). This implies the local Langlands conjecture in degree < p. It is also shown how the local Langlands conjecture in general would follow from a generalization of Carayol's theorem on the bad reduction of Shimura curves to certain Shimura varieties of higher dimension.

Review text

Let \(F\) be a \(p\)-adic field and \(n\) a positive integer. Let \({\mathcal A}(n,F)\) denote the set of equivalence classes of irreducible admissible representations of \(GL(n,F)\), and let \({\mathcal G}(n,F)\) denote the set of equivalence classes of \(n\)-dimensional complex representations of the Weil-Deligne group on \(F\) on which Frobenius acts semisimply. The local Langlands conjecture asserts that there exists a unique bijection \(\pi\mapsto \sigma(\pi)\) from \({\mathcal A}(n,F)\) to \({\mathcal G}(n,F)\) satisfying a given set of properties. The author puts the final nail (and a big one) on this important conjecture for the case \(n<p\). Correspondences \(\pi\mapsto \sigma(\pi)\) in this case were established by \textit{G. Henniart} [Ann. Sci. Éc. Norm., Supér. (4) 21, 497-544 (1988; Zbl 0666.12013)], \textit{C. Bushnell} and \textit{A. Fröhlich} [Gauss sums and \(p\)-adic division algebras, Lect. Notes Math. 987 (1983; Zbl 0507.12008)] and by the author [\textit{M. Harris}, Invent. Math. 129, 75-119 (1997; Zbl 0886.11029)] using ideas of \textit{H. Carayol} [Ann. Sci. Éc. Norm. Supér. (4) 19, 409-468 (1986; Zbl 0616.10025)]. The correspondence in \textit{M. Harris} (loc. cit.) is used here. It was constructed by geometrical methods, works for every \(n\) and \(p\) and is compatible with global correspondences. Some properties of these local correspondences were established by Moy, by Reimann and Henniart, and by Bushnell, Henniart and Kutzko. The missing piece, which is established here, is the uniqueness of such a correspondence in the case \(n<p\). By a result of Henniart, the uniqueness will follow from an equality of \(\varepsilon \) factors for pairs of corresponding representations. Namely, the author proves the following for the correspondence \(\pi\mapsto \sigma(\pi)\) given in \textit{M. Harris} (loc. cit.). Let \(\pi_1\) and \(\pi_2\) be cuspidal representations of \(GL_{n_1}(F)\) and \(GL_{n_2}(F)\) respectively, with \(n_1,n_2< p\). Then \(\varepsilon (\pi_1\times \pi_2,s)= \varepsilon (\sigma(\pi_1)\otimes \sigma(\pi_2),s)\) where the left hand side epsilon factor is the one constructed by \textit{H. Jacquet, I. Piatetski-Shapiro} and \textit{J. Shalika} [Am. J. Math. 105, 367-464 (1983; Zbl 0525.22018)] and the right hand side epsilon factor is the one constructed by \textit{R. Langlands} [On the functional equation of Artin's \(L\)-functions (unpublished manuscript)] and \textit{P. Deligne} [Modular functions of one variable II, Lect. Notes Math. 349, 501-597 (1973; Zbl 0271.14011)]. The author's idea for the proof of this equality is to ``embed \(\pi_1\) and \(\pi_2\) into cuspidal automorphic representations of \(GL_{n_1}\) and \(GL_{n_2}\) respectively, and to ``embed \(\sigma(\pi_1)\) and \(\sigma(\pi_2)\) into finite-dimensional complex representations of the absolute Galois group of a certain number field. The embedding is such that the unramified components of the global objects correspond under the local Langlands correspondence. Once such embeddings are achieved, it is possible to obtain the desired epsilon factors equality using a well known game with functional equations and gamma factors employed by Miyake, Casselman, Gelbart, Jacquet, Piateski-Shapiro and Shalika, and Henniart among others. Hence, the main result of this paper is the global embeddings mentioned above. This is a difficult result. The author employs a clever scheme using some of the deepest results in this field, namely, base change and automorphic induction of Arthur and Clozel and results of Clozel and \(\lambda\)-adic Galois representations associated with automorphic forms. He also develops a theory of non-normal automorphic induction for some very special cases that are required in the proof. In the last part of the paper, the author treats the general local Langlands conjecture and reduces the proof to a certain conjecture which generalizes results of Carayol for \(n=2\). We remark that a proof of this conjecture which establishes the general local Langlands conjecture was recently announced by the author and Richard Taylor. Some details of this proof and an alternate proof of Henniart are provided in a March 1999 Bourbaki talk by Carayol.

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