On the equality condition in Hölder's and Minkowski's inequalities

Convexity of real functions in one variable, generalizations (26A51) Inequalities for sums, series and integrals (26D15) Systems of functional equations and inequalities (39B72)

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The inequality \[ h\left({x_ 1+\cdots+ x_ n\over y_ 1+\cdots+ y_ n}\right)\;(y_ 1+\cdots+ y_ n)\leq h\left({x_ 1\over y_ 1}\right)y_ 1+\cdots+ h\left({x_ n\over y_ n}\right)\;y_ n, \] \((x_ k>0\), \(y_ k>0\), \(k=1,2,\dots,n\), \(n\geq 2)\) is clearly equivalent to the convexity of \(h\) on the positive half-line. In case of strict convexity equality holds iff the finite sequences \((x_ k)\) and \((y_ k)\) are proportional. This simple observation, together with its concave counterpart, yields Hölder's \((h(t)= t^{1/p})\) and Minkowski's \((h(t)= (t^{1/p}+1)^ p)\) inequalities with their exact equality cases. A similar integral inequality, and the fact that \(h\) is convex iff its graph is above every supporting straight line, yield the Hölder and Minkowski integral inequalities on normalized measure spaces, again with the exact equality cases.

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