Dense packings of equal disks in an equilateral triangle: From 22 to 34 and beyond

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equilateral triangle optimal packings packings of equal disks

Combinatorial aspects of packing and covering (05B40) Packing and covering in (2) dimensions (aspects of discrete geometry) (52C15)

Abstract: Previously published packings of equal disks in an equilateral triangle have dealt with up to 21 disks. We use a new discrete-event simulation algorithm to produce packings for up to 34 disks. For each n in the range 22 =< n =< 34 we present what we believe to be the densest possible packing of n equal disks in an equilateral triangle. For these n we also list the second, often the third and sometimes the fourth best packings among those that we found. In each case, the structure of the packing implies that the minimum distance d(n) between disk centers is the root of polynomial P_n with integer coefficients. In most cases we do not explicitly compute P_n but in all cases we do compute and report d(n) to 15 significant decimal digits. Disk packings in equilateral triangles differ from those in squares or circles in that for triangles there are an infinite number of values of n for which the exact value of d(n) is known, namely, when n is of the form Delta(k) := k(k+1)/2. It has also been conjectured that d(n-1) = d(n) in this case. Based on our computations, we present conjectured optimal packings for seven other infinite classes of n, namely n = Delta(2k)+1, Delta(2k+1)+1, Delta(k+2)-2, Delta(2k+3)-3, Delta(3k+1)+2, 4*Delta(k) and 2*Delta(k+1)+2*Delta(k)-1. We also report the best packings we found for other values of n in these forms which are larger than 34, namely, n=37, 40, 42, 43, 46, 49, 56, 57, 60, 63, 67, 71, 79, 84, 92, 93, 106, 112, 121, and 254, and also for n=58, 95, 108, 175, 255, 256, 258, and 260. We say that an infinite class of packings of n disks, n=n(1), n(2),...n(k),..., is tight, if 1/d(n(k)+1) - 1/d(n(k)) is bounded away from zero as k goes to infinity. We conjecture that some of our infinite classes are tight, others are not tight, and that there are infinitely many tight classes.

Review text

Summary: Previously published packings of equal disks in an equilateral triangle have dealt with up to 21 disks. We use a new discrete-event simulation algorithm to produce packings for up to 34 disks. For each \(n\) in the range \(22 \leq n \leq 34\) we present what we believe to be the densest possible packing of \(n\) equal disks in an equilateral triangle. For these \(n\) we also list the second, often the third and sometimes the fourth best packing among those that we found. In each case, the structure of the packing implies that the minimum distance \(d(n)\) between disk centers is the root of a polynomial \(P_ n\) with integer coefficients. In most cases we do not explicitly compute \(P_ n\) but in all cases we do compute and report \(d(n)\) to 15 significant decimal digits. Disk packings in equilateral triangles differ from those in squares or circles in that for triangles there are an infinite number of values of \(n\) for which the exact value of \(d(n)\) is known, namely, when \(n\) is of the form \(\Delta (k) : = {k(k + 1) \over 2}\). It has also been conjectured that \(d(n - 1) = d(n)\) in this case. Based on our computations, we present conjectured optimal packings for seven other infinite classes of \(n\), namely \[ \begin{aligned} n = & \Delta (2k) + 1,\;\Delta (2k + 1) + 1,\;\Delta (k + 2) - 2,\;\Delta (2k + 3) - 3,\\ & \Delta (3k + 1) + 2,\;4 \Delta (k), \text{ and } 2 \Delta (k + 1) + 2 \Delta (k) - 1. \end{aligned} \] We also report the best packings we found for other values of \(n\) in these forms which are larger than 34, namely, \(n = 37\), 40, 42, 43, 46, 49, 56, 57, 60, 63, 67, 71, 79, 84, 92, 93, 106, 112, 121, and 254, and also for \(n = 58\), 95, 108, 175, 255, 256, 258, and 260. We say that an infinite class of packings of \(n\) disks, \(n = n(1)\), \(n(2), \dots, n(k), \dots\), is tight, if \([1/d(n(k) + 1) - 1/d(n(k))]\) is bounded away from zero as \(k\) goes to infinity. We conjecture that some of our infinite classes are tight, others are not tight, and that there are infinitely many tight classes.

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