Versal unfoldings for linear retarded functional differential equations.

DOI10.1016/S0022-0396(03)00092-5MaRDI QIDQ1412349zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors P.-L. Buono, Victor G. LeBlanc

Publication date 10 November 2003

Published in Journal of Differential Equations (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0208143

zbMATH Keywords

linear parameter dependent functional-differential equations reduction versal unfoldings

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Linear functional-differential equations (34K06) Invariant manifolds of functional-differential equations (34K19)

Abstract: We consider parametrized families of linear retarded functional differential equations (RFDEs) projected onto finite-dimensional invariant manifolds, and address the question of versality of the resulting parametrized family of linear ordinary differential equations. A sufficient criterion for versality is given in terms of readily computable quantities. In the case where the unfolding is not versal, we show how to construct a perturbation of the original linear RFDE (in terms of delay differential operators) whose finite-dimensional projection generates a versal unfolding. We illustrate the theory with several examples, and comment on the applicability of these results to bifurcation analyses of nonlinear RFDEs.

Review text

Parametrized families of linear FDEs with finite delay \(\tau > 0\) of the form \(\dot{z}(t)=\mathcal L (\alpha)z_t\) are considered, where \(\mathcal L (\alpha)\) is a linear operator from \(C([-\tau,0],\mathbb C^n)\) to \(\mathbb C^n\), depending on the parameter \(\alpha \in \mathbb C^p\). A reduction to invariant manifolds (for the system augmented by the equation \(\dot{\alpha}=0)\), associated with a finite set of characteristic values of \(\mathcal L (0)\), is carried out in Sections 3 and 4. (These sections are close in spirit and notation to previous work of Faria and Magalhães.) The reduced systems read \(\dot{x}= \mathcal B (\alpha) x\), with \(\mathcal B (\alpha)\in\mathbb C^{c\times c}\), and the main question is when the family \(\mathcal B (\alpha)\) is a versal unfolding of the matrix \(B=\mathcal B (0)\) (i.e., moves into all directions not similar to \(B\), as \(\alpha\) is varied). A sufficient condition for this property is given in Theorem 5.1 in terms of function matrices \(\Phi\) and \(\Psi\), where \(\Phi\) consists of eigenfunctions of \(\mathcal L (0)\) and \(\Psi\) is in appropriate sense dual to \(\Phi\). In Section 6 it is proved (by a considerable amount of carefully performed matrix arithmetic) that the tangent space to the similarity orbit of \(B\) and a subspace of matrices with columns in the range of \(\Psi(0)\) are transversal. This description allows one to prove in Section 7 that operator families of the form \(\mathcal L (\alpha)={\mathcal L}_0+\sum_m \alpha_m L_m\), where each \(L_m\) is essentially a linear combination of evaluations at suitable times \(\tau_j\in[-\tau,0]\), generate a corresponding versal unfolding \(\mathcal B (\alpha)\) of the matrix \(B\). The method of constructing (or recognizing) versal unfoldings by use of evaluation at suitable times is illustrated in three examples in Section 8, two first-order and one second-order equation.

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