Integral symmetries, integral invariants, and monodromy matrices for ordinary differential equations
analytic continuationdegenerate Heun equationintegral Euler transformationintegral invariantregular singular pointstransfer matrix
Analytical theory of ordinary differential equations: series, transformations, transforms, operational calculus, etc. (34A25) Linear ordinary differential equations and systems (34A30) Singularities, monodromy and local behavior of solutions to ordinary differential equations in the complex domain, normal forms (34M35) Stokes phenomena and connection problems (linear and nonlinear) for ordinary differential equations in the complex domain (34M40)
The author presents a method for analytically calculating transfer matrices for an equation with regular singular points. It is considered the example of the degenerate Heun equation (DHE) \[ (z^2+ z)v+ (\alpha z^2+\beta z+ \gamma)v'+(\delta z+ \varepsilon)v= 0,\tag{1} \] which has two regular singular points \(z_0= 0\) and \(z_1= -1\). It is also considered the auxiliary third-order equation \[ L_2[a,b,c,d,e,f] w(z)\equiv (z^2+ z)w'+ (az^2+ bz+ c)w+ (dz+ e)w'+ fw= 0,\tag{2} \] which, on the one hand, includes the DHE as a particular case and, on the other hand, is stable under the integral Euler transformation. In order to find the transfer matrix for the equation with regular singular points, the author studies the action of the integral transformation of type \[ w(z)= \int_C\phi(z- t)U_{m_1}(t) dt, \] where \(\phi(x)\) is the solution to the equation \[ x\phi(x)+ (ax+ \nu)\phi'(x)+ \rho\phi(x)=0\quad\text{with }\rho= d+ a(a- b+\nu), \] branching in the neighborhood of \(x= 0\), \(U_{m_1}(t)\) is the branching solution to the equation \[ \begin{multlined} L_t[a,b+ 4-2\nu,\;c+2-\nu,\;2a(b+ 1-a-\nu)- d,\;e-d+2b- 4\nu+ 2+ +(\nu- a)(\nu+ a+ 1-b),\\ f+ d(a+ \nu+ 1-b)+ 2a(b- a-\nu)+ a(a+ \nu-b)(a+ \nu+ 1-b)] u(t)= 0\end{multlined} \] that branches in the neighborhood of \(t_m\), \(m= 0,1\), and \(C\) is the double figure-eight curve enclosing the points \(t= z\) and \(t_m\) in the complex \(t\) plane. This integral transformation has orbits, i.e., families of linear differential equations. Among these orbits, it must be found the one containing the original equation (for the DHE this is equation (2)). Using the analytic continuation, it is obtained the invariant of these integral transformations expressed through the corresponding transfer matrices, which allows to use appropriate limit transition and asymptotic techniques.
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