Phase portrait of Hamiltonian systems with homogeneous nonlinearities
Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Theory of limit cycles of polynomial and analytic vector fields (existence, uniqueness, bounds, Hilbert's 16th problem and ramifications) for ordinary differential equations (34C07) Bifurcation theory for ordinary differential equations (34C23) Homoclinic and heteroclinic solutions to ordinary differential equations (34C37) Bifurcations of singular points in dynamical systems (37G10) Bifurcations of limit cycles and periodic orbits in dynamical systems (37G15) Hyperbolic singular points with homoclinic trajectories in dynamical systems (37G20) Bifurcation problems for finite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems (37J20) Completely integrable finite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems, integration methods, integrability tests (37J35)
This nice paper is concerned with the Hamiltonian system of the form \[ \dot{x}=-H_y(x,y), \qquad \dot{y}=H_x(x,y), \tag{1} \] with \(H(x,y)=(x^2+y^2)/2+H_{n+1}(x,y),\) and \(H_{n+1}\) is a homogeneous polynomial of degree \(n+1.\) An algorithm which allows to depict the phase portrait of any system of type (1) in terms of the shape of \(g(\Theta)=H_{n+1}(\cos\Theta, \sin\Theta)\) is presented. This approach can be also used for obtaining the full bifurcation diagram of (1) for the case when some parameters \(\Lambda\) are involved in terms of the associated function \(g_\Lambda(\Theta).\) In order to get a complete description of the topological behaviour of the flow in the neighbourhood of a finite or infinite critical point, the authors use a variation of the Poincaré compactification and a corresponding classification of finite and infinite critical points in this compactification. Then the new algorithm is applied to obtain all phase portraits of (1) for \(n=2\) and \(n=3,\) as well as two bifurcation diagrams: the complete one for \(n=2\) and the one corresponding to reversible systems of type (1) for \(n=3.\) The results obtained are in complete correspondence with those known in the literature.
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