Abelian surfaces with level 5 structure
Let \(K\) denote the field \(\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt 5)\) and \({\mathfrak O}\) its ring of integers. A principally polarized abelian surface \(A\) defined over \(K\) together with an embedding \({\mathfrak O}\to\text{End}_K(A)\) compatible with the Rosati involution is called a Hilbert-Blumenthal surface. Consider \(\sqrt 5\) as an endomorphism under this embedding and let \(A[\sqrt 5]\) denote the kernel of this endomorphism with the Weil pairing. Let \(W\) denote a 2-dimensional \(\mathbb{F}_5\)-vector space with the standard alternating form. An abelian surface with level \(W\)-structure is by definition a Hilbert-Blumenthal surface together with a symplectic isomorphism \(W\to A[\sqrt 5]\). There is a natural desingularization of a compactification of the moduli space of abelian surfaces with level-\(W\) structures denoted by \(X(W)\). The first result of the paper is that \(X(W)\) is birationally equivalent to the projective plane over \(\mathbb{Q}\). The absolute Galois group of \(K\) acts on the \(\overline K\)-valued points of the scheme \(A[\sqrt 5]\). Let \(\rho_{A,\sqrt 5}\) denote the corresponding representation. The second result of the paper is the following theorem: Let \(\rho:\text{Gal}(\overline\mathbb{Q}/ \mathbb{Q})\to GL_2(\mathbb{F}_5)\) be a representation with determinant the cyclotomic character. Let \(\Sigma\) be a finite set of finite primes. Suppose for each \(p\in\Sigma\) we are given a Hilbert-Blumenthal surface over \(\mathbb{Q}_p\) such that \(\overline\rho\mid D_p\sim\overline \rho_{A_p, \sqrt 5}\) and such that \(\overline\rho\mid D_p\) is reducible and decomposable for all but at most one prime in \(\Sigma\). Here \(D_p\) denotes the decomposition group at \(p\). Then for any nontrivial ideal \(I\) in \({\mathfrak O}\) there are infinitely many Hilbert-Blumenthal surfaces \(A\) over \(\mathbb{Q}\) with (a) \(\overline \rho_{A_p,\sqrt 5}\sim \overline\rho\), and (b) \(\overline\rho_{A,I}\mid D_p\sim \overline\rho_{A_p,I}\) for all \(p\in\Sigma\).
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