Framed holonomic knots

DOI10.2140/AGT.2002.2.449MaRDI QIDQ1597796zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 3 June 2002

Published in Algebraic \& Geometric Topology (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0206190, https://eudml.org/doc/123788, http://www.emis.de/journals/UW/agt/AGTVol2/agt-2-22.abs.html

zbMATH Keywords

framing holonomic~knot Legendrian~knot self-linking~number Whitney~index

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Differentiable maps on manifolds (58C25)

Abstract: A holonomic knot is a knot in 3-space which arises as the 2-jet extension of a smooth function on the circle. A holonomic knot associated to a generic function is naturally framed by the blackboard framing of the knot diagram associated to the 1-jet extension of the function. There are two classical invariants of framed knot diagrams: the Whitney index (rotation number) W and the self linking number S. For a framed holonomic knot we show that W is bounded above by the negative of the braid index of the knot, and that the sum of W and |S| is bounded by the negative of the Euler characteristic of any Seifert surface of the knot. The invariant S restricted to framed holonomic knots with W=m, is proved to split into n, where n is the largest natural number with 2n < |m|+1, integer invariants. Using this, the framed holonomic isotopy classification of framed holonomic knots is shown to be more refined than the regular isotopy classification of their diagrams.

Review text

A {holonomic plane curve} \(c(t)\) and a {holonomic space curve} \(C(t)\) associated to a smooth function \(f:S^1\to \mathbb R\) are \(c(t)=(f(t), f'(t))\subset \mathbb R^2\) and \(C(t)=(f(t), f'(t), f(t))\subset \mathbb R ^3=(x_0, x_1, x_2)\). \textit{J.~Birman} and \textit{N.~Wrinkle} [J. Knot Theory Ramifications 9, No. 3, 293--309 (2000; Zbl 1001.57015)] showed that two holonomic knots that are topologically isotopic are holonomically isotopic. The authors study the category of framed holonomic knots \(C(t),\) i.e., holonomic knots such that \(c(t)\) is an immersion. In this case \(C(t)\) is equipped with the natural framing \(\partial x_2\). They construct examples of non-isotopic framed holonomic knots that are regular isotopic. This shows that the theory of framed holonomic knots is nontrivial, unlike the theory of ordinary holonomic knots. The authors show that the Whitney index \(W\) of a framed holonomic knot \(K\) is bounded above by the negative of the braid index of \(K\) and that for the self-linking number \(S\) of \(K\) the sum \(W+| S| \) is bounded from above by the negative of the Euler characteristic of a Seifert surface of \(K\). Surprisingly enough, the authors show that \(S\) restricted to framed holonomic knots with \(W=m\) splits into \(n=\lfloor \frac {| m| }{2}\rfloor\) invariants \(S_j, j=1, \dots, n,\) with \(\sum_j S_j=S\). They construct two framed holonomic knots \(K_1, K_2\) with \(W(K_1)=W(K_2), S(K_1)=S(K_2)\) that are regular isotopic but are distinguished by the invariants \(S_j\).

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