The Stokes groupoids

Local structure of morphisms in algebraic geometry: étale, flat, etc. (14B25) Singularities, monodromy and local behavior of solutions to ordinary differential equations in the complex domain, normal forms (34M35) Stokes phenomena and connection problems (linear and nonlinear) for ordinary differential equations in the complex domain (34M40)

Abstract: We construct and describe a family of groupoids over complex curves which serve as the universal domains of definition for solutions to linear ordinary differential equations with singularities. As a consequence, we obtain a direct, functorial method for resumming formal solutions to such equations.

Review text

Given a smooth complex curve \(X\), it is well-known that the Riemann-Hilbert correspondence provides a natural equivalence between the flat connections over \(X\) and the representations of the fundamental groupoid \(\Pi_1(X)\) which are obtained by solving the system of differential equations determined by the connections over any loop based at a point in \(X\). When the connections have poles along a divisor \(D\) on \(X\), such correspondence fails since the existence and uniqueness theorem for solutions of the ordinary differential equations does not apply at the singular points. In particular, there is no representation of the groupoid \(\Pi_1(X)\). However, there is a representation of the groupoid \(\Pi_1(X\backslash D)\) and the local data related to the asymptotic behavior of the solutions at the poles in the sense of the Levelt filtrations associated with the regular singularities and of the Stokes data associated with the irregular singularities. In this paper, the authors are interested in the case where the poles bounded by \(D\) are allowed. From general results on the integration of Lie algebroids [\textit{M. Crainic} and \textit{R. L. Fernandes}, Ann. Math. (2) 157, No. 2, 575--620 (2003; Zbl 1037.22003); \textit{C. Debord}, J. Differ. Geom. 58, No. 3, 467--500 (2001; Zbl 1034.58017)], they construct a groupoid \(\Pi_1(X,D)\) that replaces the groupoid \(\Pi_1(X)\); then, they give a complete description of this one. They also prove that \(\Pi_1(X,D)\) can be seen as the universal domain of definition for the fundamental solutions of the meromorphic systems with singularities bounded by \(D\), while singular along \(X\). As an application, they provide a new approach to the problem of the resummation of the divergent solutions of some ODEs with irregular singularities and they show how to obtain the Stokes matrices of such equations.

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