Arithmetic properties of Delannoy numbers and Schröder numbers

Abstract: Define

D_n(x)=sum_{k=0}^n�inom nk^2x^k(x+1)^{n-k} mbox{for} n=0,1,2,ldots

and

s_n(x)=sum_{k=1}^nfrac1n�inom nk�inom n{k-1}x^{k-1}(x+1)^{n-k} mbox{for} n=1,2,3,ldots.

Then

D_{n} (1)

is the

n

-th central Delannoy number

D_{n}

, and

s_{n} (1)

is the

n

-th little Schr"oder number

s_{n}

. In this paper we obtain some surprising arithmetic properties of

D_{n} (x)

and

s_{n} (x)

. We show that

frac1nsum_{k=0}^{n-1}D_k(x)s_{k+1}(x)inmathbb Z[x(x+1)] quadmbox{for all} n=1,2,3,ldots.

Moreover, for any odd prime

p

and

p

-adic integer

x o t e q u i v 0, - 1 p m o d p

, we establish the supercongruence

sum_{k=0}^{p-1}D_k(x)s_{k+1}(x)equiv0pmod{p^2}.

As an application we confirm Conjecture 5.5 in [S14a], in particular we prove that

frac1nsum_{k=0}^{n-1}T_kM_k(-3)^{n-1-k}inmathbb Zquadmbox{for all} n=1,2,3,ldots,

where

T_{k}

is the

k

-th central trinomial coefficient and

M_{k}

is the

k

-th Motzkin number.

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