Congruences involving generalized central trinomial coefficients

DOI10.1007/S11425-014-4809-ZzbMATH Open1339.11026arXiv1008.3887OpenAlexW1990201881MaRDI QIDQ477109FDOQ477109

Authors: Zhi-Wei Sun 

Publication date: 2 December 2014

Published in: Science China. Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: For integers $b$ and $c$ the generalized central trinomial coefficient $T_n(b,c)$ denotes the coefficient of $x^n$ in the expansion of $(x^2+bx+c{)}^n$. Those $T_n=T_n(1,1)(n=0,1,2,ldots)$ are the usual central trinomial coefficients, and $T_n(3,2)$ coincides with the Delannoy number $$ in combinatorics. We investigate congruences involving generalized central trinomial coefficients systematically. Here are some typical results: For each $n=1,2,3,ldots$ we have ${\displaystyle }$sum_{k=0}^{n-1}(2k+1)T_k(b,c)^2(b^2-4c)^{n-1-k}equiv0pmod{n^2}${\displaystyle }$ and in particular $n^{2}midsu{m}_{k=0}^{n-1}(2k+1)D_k^2$; if $p$ is an odd prime then ${\displaystyle }$sum_{k=0}^{p-1}T_k^2equivleft(frac{-1}p ight) pmod{p} { m and} sum_{k=0}^{p-1}D_k^2equivleft(frac 2p ight) pmod{p},${\displaystyle }$ where $(-)$ denotes the Legendre symbol. We also raise several conjectures some of which involve parameters in the representations of primes by certain binary quadratic forms.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1008.3887

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zbMATH Keywords

congruencesMotzkin numberscentral Delannoy numberscentral trinomial coefficients

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Exact enumeration problems, generating functions (05A15) Factorials, binomial coefficients, combinatorial functions (05A10) Congruences; primitive roots; residue systems (11A07) Other combinatorial number theory (11B75) Binomial coefficients; factorials; (q)-identities (11B65) Sums of squares and representations by other particular quadratic forms (11E25)

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Cited In (44)

• Binomial coefficients, roots of unity and powers of prime numbers
• On some congruences involving generalized central trinomial coefficients
• Some congruences involving binomial coefficients
• Analytic properties of combinatorial triangles related to Motzkin numbers
• Hankel determinants of linear combinations of consecutive Catalan-like numbers
• Automated discovery and proof of congruence theorems for partial sums of combinatorial sequences
• Arithmetic properties of Delannoy numbers and Schröder numbers
• Factors of alternating sums of powers of \(q\)-Narayana numbers
• Elliptic curves over \(\mathbb{F}_p\) and determinants of Legendre matrices
• Analytic aspects of generalized central trinomial coefficients
• Elementary proof of congruences involving trinomial coefficients for Babbage and Morley
• Several explicit and recursive formulas for generalized Motzkin numbers
• On the divisibility of generalized central trinomial coefficients
• Some congruences involving powers of Legendre polynomials
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• A Combinatorial Bijection between Ordered Trees and Lattice Paths
• On the divisibility of sums involving powers of multi-variable Schmidt polynomials
• Proof of two congruences concerning Legendre polynomials
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• Supercongruences involving dual sequences
• Congruences concerning generalized central trinomial coefficients
• On divisibility of sums of Apéry polynomials
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• A supercongruence involving Delannoy numbers and Schröder numbers
• Some parametric congruences involving generalized central trinomial coefficients
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• An evolutionary numerical method for solving nonlinear fractional Fredholm–Volterra–Hammerstein integro–differential–delay equations with a functional bound
• New series for powers of \(\pi\) and related congruences
• On sums related to central binomial and trinomial coefficients
• Proof of some conjectures of Z.-W. Sun on congruences for Apéry polynomials
• Reduction for congruences of partial sums of P-recursive sequences
• Supercongruences involving Motzkin numbers and central trinomial coefficients
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