A note on Freiman models in Heisenberg groups.
Combinatorial aspects of difference sets (number-theoretic, group-theoretic, etc.) (05B10) Arithmetic combinatorics; higher degree uniformity (11B30) Other combinatorial number theory (11B75) Arithmetic and combinatorial problems involving abstract finite groups (20D60) Linear algebraic groups over finite fields (20G40) Other matrix groups over finite fields (20H30)
\textit{B. Green} and the reviewer proved that any set \(A\) in a commutative group \(G\) satisfying \(|A^2|<c|A|\) has a small ``model, that is, there is a set \(A'\) in a group \(G'\) such that \(A'\) and \(A\) are Freiman-isomorphic of order \(s\) and \(|G'|<f(s,c)|A|\) [J. Lond. Math. Soc., II. Ser. 75, No. 1, 163-175 (2007; Zbl 1133.11058)]. Since this implies \(|A^s|<f(s,c)|A|\), which may fail in a noncommutative group for \(s=3\), an extension to general groups is impossible. Green (unpublished) proved that the weaker property that there is a \(B\subset A\), \(|B|>\delta|A|\) \(s\)-isomorphic to a \(B'\) in a small group \(G'\) may not hold for \(s\geq 64\); in contrast, a \(B\subset A\), \(|B|\geq |A|/2\) satisfying \(|B^s|<f(s,c)|B|\) always exists. The authors improve this result by reducing \(s\) to 6, in the following stronger form. There is an \(A\) such that any set \(B\subset A\) satisfying \(|B|>|A|^{43/44}\) has no 6-isomorphic image in any group of size \(<|A|^{33/32-\varepsilon}\). The set is constructed in a Heisenberg group over a finite field. The proof is based on an ingenious combination of Fourier analysis, discrete geometry and elementary group theory.
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