A note on Freiman models in Heisenberg groups. (Q1760365)

\textit{B. Green} and the reviewer proved that any set \(A\) in a commutative group \(G\) satisfying \(|A^2|<c|A|\) has a small ``model'', that is, there is a set \(A'\) in a group \(G'\) such that \(A'\) and \(A\) are Freiman-isomorphic of order \(s\) and \(|G'|<f(s,c)|A|\) [J. Lond. Math. Soc., II. Ser. 75, No. 1, 163-175 (2007; Zbl 1133.11058)]. Since this implies \(|A^s|<f(s,c)|A|\), which may fail in a noncommutative group for \(s=3\), an extension to general groups is impossible. Green (unpublished) proved that the weaker property that there is a \(B\subset A\), \(|B|>\delta|A|\) \(s\)-isomorphic to a \(B'\) in a small group \(G'\) may not hold for \(s\geq 64\); in contrast, a \(B\subset A\), \(|B|\geq |A|/2\) satisfying \(|B^s|<f(s,c)|B|\) always exists. The authors improve this result by reducing \(s\) to 6, in the following stronger form. There is an \(A\) such that any set \(B\subset A\) satisfying \(|B|>|A|^{43/44}\) has no 6-isomorphic image in any group of size \(<|A|^{33/32-\varepsilon}\). The set is constructed in a Heisenberg group over a finite field. The proof is based on an ingenious combination of Fourier analysis, discrete geometry and elementary group theory.