Thomson's formulation of the second law for macroscopic and finite work sources
Summary: Thomson's formulation of the second law states: no work can be extracted from an equilibrium system through a cyclic process. A simple, general proof is presented for the case of macroscopic sources of work. Next the setup is generalized towards situations, where the corresponding work-source is not macroscopic. It is shown that using such a source one can extract energy from an equilibrium system by means of a cyclic process. However, this extraction is accompanied by an entropy increase of the source, in a manner resembling the Clausius inequality.
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- Second law of thermodynamics for macroscopic mechanics coupled to thermodynamic degrees of freedom
- Generalization of the second law for a transition between nonequilibrium states
- Generalized second law for a simple chaotic system
- A mathematical theorem as the basis for the second law: Thomson's formulation applied to equilibrium
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