A note on quojections

Locally convex Fréchet spaces and (DF)-spaces (46A04) Spaces determined by compactness or summability properties (nuclear spaces, Schwartz spaces, Montel spaces, etc.) (46A11) Spaces defined by inductive or projective limits (LB, LF, etc.) (46A13) Geometry and structure of normed linear spaces (46B20)

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\textit{S. F. Bellenot} and \textit{E. Dubinsky} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 273, 579-594 (1982; Zbl 0494.46001)] had proved that a separable Fréchet space F does not admit a nuclear Köthe quotient if and only if the space \(F^{'x}\) of all bounded linear forms on the strong dual \(F_ b'\) is a quojection (i.e. a projective limit of Banach spaces \((F_ n)_{n\in {\mathbb{N}}}\) where all the linking maps \(p_ n: F_ n\to F_{n-1}\) are surjective), and they had asked whether it is true that F is a quojection whenever \(F^{'x}\) is a quojection. In the present note this question is investigated. The authors first study a projective approach and prove I. Theorem. The following are equivalent i) There exists a Fréchet space F which is not a quojection such that \(F^{'x}\) is a quojection; ii) There exists a reduced projective sequence \(((F_ n)_{n\geq 1},(p_ n)_{n\geq 2})\) of Banach spaces such that all \(p_ n:\) \(F_ n\to F_{n-1}\) are injective but not surjective and such that for the bitranspose maps one has \(P_{n+1}(F_{n+1})+\ker p_ n=F_ n\) for all \(n\geq 2.\) Next they investigate an inductive approach and prove II. Theorem. The following are equivalent i) There exists a Fréchet space \(F\) which is not a quojection such that the strong dual \(F_ b'\) is a strict LB-space; ii) There exists a dual Banach space \(X'\) (with unit ball \(B\)) containing a strictly increasing sequence \((G_ n)_{n\in {\mathbb{N}}}\) of norm- closed, weakly dense linear subspaces \(G_ n\) such that the weak closure of \(B\cap G_ n\) is contained in \(G_{n+1}\) for all \(n\in {\mathbb{N}}.\) Two remarks should be added: 1) \textit{D. Vogt} proved 1986 in On two problems of Mityagin (to appear) that for a Fréchet space \(F\) the strong dual \(F_ b'\) is a strict LB-space if and only if \(F^{'x}\) is a quojection. 2) \textit{E. Behrends, P. Harmand} and the first author in On a problem of Bellenot and Dubinsky [Math. Ann. 275, 337-339 (1986; Zbl 0586.46001)] have constructed a dual Banach space \(X'\) satisfying condition ii) of the above II. theorem; in that way they obtained a separable Fréchet space \(F\) which admits no nuclear Köthe quotient and which at the same time is not a quojection.

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