Local positivity of ample line bundles

Abstract: Let

L

be a nef line bundle on a smooth complex projective variety

X

of dimension

n

. Demailly has introduced a very interesting invariant --- the Seshadri constant

e p s i l o n (L, x)

--- which in effect measures how positive

L

is locally near a given point

x i n X

. For instance, Seshadri's criterion for ampleness may be phrased as stating that

L

is ample if and only if there exists a positive number

e > 0

such that

e p s i l o n (L, x) > e

for all

x i n X

, and if

L

is VERY ample, then

e p s i l o n (L, x) g e 1

for every

x

. We prove the somewhat surprising result that in each dimension

n

there is a uniform lower bound on the Seshadri constant of an ample line bundle

L

at a very general point of

X

. Specifically,

e p s i l o n (L, x) g e (1 / n)

for all

x i n X

outside the union of countably many proper subvarieties of

X

. Examples of Miranda show that there cannot exist a bound (independent of

X

and

L

) that holds at every point. The proof draws inspiration from two sources: first, the arguments used to prove boundedness of Fano manifolds of Picard number one; and secondly some of the geometric ideas involving zero-estimates appearing in the work of Faltings and others on Diophantine approximation and transcendence theory. We give some elementary applications of the main theorem to adjoint and pluricanonical linear series.

Review text

Let \(L\) be a nef line bundle on an irreducible complex projective variety \(X\). For \(x\in X\), the Seshadri constant \(\varepsilon (L,x)\) is defined as follows: Let \(f:Y\to X\) be the blowing-up at \(x\), and let \(E\) be the exceptional divisor over \(x\). Then \(\varepsilon (L,x): =\text{Sup} \{\varepsilon\geq 0 |f^* L-\varepsilon E\) is nef as an \(\mathbb{R}\)-divisor on \(Y \}\). Main result: Let \({\mathcal B} \subset X\) be a countable union of proper closed subvarieties and let \(\alpha\) be a positive number such that \(L^r \cdot Y\geq(r\alpha)^r\) for any subvariety \(Y \) of \(X\) with \(Y\not \subset {\mathcal B}\), \(r=\dim Y>0\). Then \(\varepsilon (L,x)\geq \alpha\) for any very general point \(x\), i.e., for any \(x\) outside a countable union of proper closed subsets. In particular, \(\varepsilon(L,x) \geq {1\over n}\quad (n= \dim X)\) for any very general \(x\) if \(L\) is nef and big. Moreover one gets a few corollaries on adjoint series: (1) Let \(s\geq 0\) be an integer such that \(L^r\geq (r(n+s))^r\) for any subvariety \(Y\) of \(X\) with \(Y\not \subset {\mathcal B}\), \(r=\dim Y>0\). Then \(|K_X+ L|\) generates \(s\)-jets at a general point \(x\) on \(X\). (2) Suppose \(L^n>0\) and \(X\) is smooth. Then for any \(m\geq 2n^2\), the rational map defined by \(|K_X+ mL|\) is birational onto its image. The proof of the main result is based on an argument used to prove boundedness of Fano manifolds of Picard number one and the following lemma: Let \(\{Z_t \subset V_t\}_{t\in T}\) be a family of subvarieties of a smooth variety \(X\) parametrized by a smooth affine variety \(T\). Suppose that there is a family \(\{E_t\}_{t\in T}\) of divisors in a fixed linear series \(|L|\) on \(X\) with \(a= \text{mult}_{Z_t} (E_t)\) and \(b= \text{mult}_{V_t} (E_t)\) for general \(t\in T\). Then there is another family \(\{D_t\}_{t\in T} \in|L|\) such that \(V_t\not \subset D_t\) and \(\text{mult}_{Z_t} (D_t)\geq a-b\) for general \(t\).

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