Three manifolds as geometric branched coverings of the three sphere

MaRDI QIDQ1959075zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Enrique Ramírez-Losada, Gregory W. Brumfiel, Hugh Michael Hilden, José María Montesinos-Amilibia, Hamish Short, Débora María Tejada, Margarita María Toro, María Teresa Lozano Imízcoz

Publication date 1 October 2010

Published in Boletín de la Sociedad Matemática Mexicana. Third Series (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/0710.1960

zbMATH Keywords

branched coveringuniversal groupuniversal link

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Low-dimensional topology of special (e.g., branched) coverings (57M12) General geometric structures on low-dimensional manifolds (57M50)

Abstract: One method for obtaining every closed orientable 3-manifold is as branched covering of the 3-sphere over a link. There is a classical topological result showing that the minimun possible number of sheets in the covering is three. In this paper we obtain a geometric version of this result. The interest is given by the growing importance of geometry in 3-manifolds theory.

Review text

It is well known that every closed orientable \(3\)-manifold is obtained as a three-fold irregular simple branched cover of the \(3\)-sphere \(S^3\) with branch set a knot or a link, due to \textit{H. M. Hilden} [Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 80, 1243--1244 (1974; Zbl 0298.55001)], \textit{J. M. Montesinos} [ibid., 845--846 (1974; Zbl 0292.57003)], \textit{U. Hirsch} [Math. Z. 140, 203--230 (1974; Zbl 0279.57004)]. The purpose of the paper under review is to give a geometric version of this classical fact in some sense. \textit{H. M. Hilden, M. T. Lozano, J. M. Montesinos} and \textit{W. C. Whitten} [Invent. Math. 87, 441--456 (1987; Zbl 0613.57007)] showed that the orbifold group \(U\) of the Borromean rings with singular angle ninety degrees is universal. This means that every connected orientable \(3\)-manifold \(M\) occurs as a quotient space \(\mathbb{H}^3/G\), where \(G\) is a finite index subgroup of \(U\). In the current paper, a new proof of the universality of \(U\), based on local moves for a branch set, is given. As a byproduct, the doubled Borromean rings and doubled Whitehead links are shown to be \(2\)-universal. The main result precisely says that for a given closed orientable \(3\)-manifold \(M\), there are subgroups \(G\) and \(G_1\) of \(U\) such that \([G_1:G]=3\), \([U: G]<\infty\), \(M=\mathbb{H}^3/G\) and \(S^3=\mathbb{H}^3/G_1\), and that the map induced by the inclusion of groups \(\mathbb{H}^3/G\to \mathbb{H}^3/G_1\) is a \(3\)-fold simple branched cover of \(S^3\) by \(M\).

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(12)

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• Degenerating families of branched coverings of discs and fundamental groups of 3-dimensional manifolds
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