On the solvability of a nonlinear second-order elliptic equation at resonance. II
Let \(\Omega\) be a bounded domain in \(\mathbb R^n\) with smooth boundary and consider the Neumann problem \[ \Delta u + g(x,u) = h(x) \text{ in } \Omega, \qquad \frac {\partial u}{\partial n} = 0 \text{ on } \partial \Omega, \] where \(g\) is a Caratheodory function and \(h \in L^1(\Omega)\). The author shows that this problem has a solution if \(g\) satisfies the Landesman-Lazer condition \[ \int_\Omega \limsup_{s\to-\infty} g(x,s) dx < \int_\Omega h dx < \int_\Omega \liminf_{s\to\infty} g(x,s) dx \] and if there are nonnegative constants \(r_0\), \(a\) and \(\alpha\) with \(\alpha< n/(n-2)\) along with a function \(b\in L^1(\Omega)\) such that \[ -b(x)\leq g(x,u)\leq a|u|^\alpha +b(x) \] for \(u\geq r_0\) and \[ |g(x,u)|\leq b(x) \] for \(u\leq -r_0\). Previous works have assumed additional conditions on \(g\). The method of proof is an old standard: prove some \textit{a priori} estimates and then apply the Leray-Schauder theorem. The clever idea here is to consider the family of related differential equations \[ \Delta u +(1-t)f \left(\int_\Omega u dx\right) +tg(x,u)=th(x) \] with zero Neumann data, where \(f\) is given by \(f(u)=u/\max\{1,|u|\}\).
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