A decomposition theorem for bounded solutions and the existence of periodic solutions to periodic differential equations

abstract functional-differential equation decomposition theorem Fourier coefficients periodic evolution equation periodic solution spectrum of bounded function

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Periodic solutions to ordinary differential equations (34C25) Nonlinear differential equations in abstract spaces (34G20)

Review text

A decomposition theorem which describes the bounded uniformly continuous mild solutions to the equation \[ \frac{dx}{dt}=A(t)x + f(t),\quad x\in X,\quad t\in \mathbb{R},\tag{1} \] is given. Here, \(X\) is a Banach space, \(A(\cdot)\) is a \(\tau\)-periodic operator on \(X\) and \(f\) is an \(X\)-valued \(\tau\)-periodic continuous function. The authors formulate the result: Let \(u(\cdot)\) be a bounded uniformly continuous mild solution to (1). Then it is of the form \[ u(t) = u_0(t)+\sum_{k=1}^Ne^{i\lambda_k t}u_k(t), \] where \(u_0\) is a bounded uniformly continuous mild \(\tau\)-periodic solution to the inhomogeneous equation (1), \(u_k\), \(k=1,\dots{},N\), are \(\tau\)-periodic solutions to (1) with \(f=-i\lambda_k u_k\), respectively, \(v(t) = \sum_{k=1}^Ne^{i\lambda_k t}u_k(t)\) is a quasi-periodic mild solution to the homogeneous equation \[ \frac{dx}{dt}=A(t)x,\quad t\in \mathbb{R}, \tag{2} \] and \(\lambda_1,\dots{},\lambda_N\) are the basic oscillatory exponents of (2). As a corollary, the existence of such a solution implies the existence of a \(\tau\)-periodic bounded uniformly continuous mild solution to (1) and a formula for its Fourier coefficients. Similar results as the first one and of its consequence, are proved for abstract functional-differential equations with finite delay \(x_t\), \[ \frac{dx}{dt}=Ax+F(t)x_t + f(t), \quad t\in \mathbb{R}, \] where \(A\) generates a compact \(C_0\)-semigroup, \(F(t)\) and \(f\) are \(\tau\)-periodic and continuous. Finally, an example of an inhomogeneous parabolic equation is considered.

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