The A-hypergeometric system associated with a monomial curve

DOI10.1215/S0012-7094-99-09908-8MaRDI QIDQ1974945zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Carlos D'Andrea, Eduardo Cattani, Alicia Dickenstein

Publication date 27 March 2000

Published in Duke Mathematical Journal (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/math/9805005

\({\mathcal A}\)-hypergeometric function \({\mathcal A}\)-hypergeometric system GKZ-systems

Families, fibrations in algebraic geometry (14D99) Deformations of analytic structures (32G99) Other hypergeometric functions and integrals in several variables (33C70) Basic hypergeometric functions in one variable, ({}_rphi_s) (33D15)

Abstract: We make a detailed analysis of the A-hypergeometric system (or GKZ system) associated with a monomial curve and integral, hence resonant, exponents. We characterize the Laurent polynomial solutions and show that these are the only rational solutions. We also show that for any exponent, there are at most two linearly independent Laurent solutions, and that the upper bound is reached if and only if the curve is not arithmetically Cohen--Macaulay. We then construct, for all integral parameters, a basis of local solutions in terms of the roots of the generic univariate polynomial associated with A. We determine the holonomic rank r for all integral exponents and show that it is constantly equal to the degree d of X if and only if X is arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay. Otherwise there is at least one exponent for which r = d + 1.

Review text

Let \({\mathcal A}\) be a spanning subset of \(\mathbb{Z}^{n+1}\) consisting of \(r\) elements, and let \(\alpha\in \mathbb{C}^{n+1}\). In the late eighties Gel'fand, Kapranov and Zelevinskij associated with \({\mathcal A}\) and \(\alpha\) a holonomic system of differential equations in \(\mathbb{C}^r\), called the \({\mathcal A}\)-hypergeometric system with exponent (or parameter) \(\alpha\). Its solutions are called the \({\mathcal A}\)-hypergeometric functions with parameter \(\alpha\) [see \textit{I. M. Gel'fand}, \textit{A. V. Zelevinskij} and \textit{M. M. Kapranov}, Funct. Anal. Appl. 23, No. 2, 94-106 (1989; Zbl 0721.33006); Adv. Math. 84, No. 2, 255-271 (1990; Zbl 0741.33011)]. In the literature \({\mathcal A}\)-hypergeometric systems are also called GKZ-systems. The paper under review studies the case of \({\mathcal A}\)-hypergeometric systems associated with monomial curves, which corresponds to the case \(n=1\). All rational \({\mathcal A}\)-hypergeometric functions with parameter \(\alpha\) are shown to be Laurent polynomials. This property is proven by counterexample not to be true in the general case \(n>1\). The rational \({\mathcal A}\)-hypergeometric functions with parameter \(\alpha\in \mathbb{Z}^2\) are shown to span a space of dimension at most 2. The value 2 is attained if and only if the monomial curve is not arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay. For all values of \(\alpha\), the holonomic rank \(r(\alpha)\) of the system is proven to satisfy the inequalities \(d\leq r(\alpha)\leq d+1\). Moreover \(r(\alpha)= d+1\) exactly for all \(\alpha\in \mathbb{Z}^2\) for which the space of rational solutions has dimension 2. The inequalities for the holonomic rank have also been obtained using different methods by \textit{M. Saito}, \textit{B. Sturmfels} and \textit{N. Takayama} [Gröbner deformations of hypergeometric differential equations. Springer-Verlag (2000; Zbl 0946.13021)].

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