Splitting Tychonoff cubes into homeomorphic and homogeneous parts
Cantor cubehomogeneous spacepseudocompact spaceremaindertopological groupTychonoff cubeČech-Stone compactification
Structure of general topological groups (22A05) Cardinality properties (cardinal functions and inequalities, discrete subsets) (54A25) Extensions of spaces (compactifications, supercompactifications, completions, etc.) (54D35) Remainders in general topology (54D40) Topological groups (topological aspects) (54H11)
To prove that the unit interval \(\mathbb{I}=[0,1]\) and, for every infinite cardinal \(\tau\), the Tychonoff cube \(\mathbb{I}^{\tau}\) can be partitioned into two homogeneous and homeomorphic parts, the authors use a set \(A\subseteq\mathbb{R}\), constructed in [\textit{J. van Mill}, Compos. Math. 46, 3--13 (1982; Zbl 0514.54011)], having the following properties: \(\mathbb{Q}\subseteq A\), \(B=\mathbb{R}\setminus A\) is dense in \(\mathbb{R}\), \(A+\mathbb{Q}=A\) and if \(\phi:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}\) is defined by \(\phi(x)=x+\pi\) for each \(x\in\mathbb{R}\), then \(\phi(A)=B\). The authors show that the subspaces \(E=(0,1)\cap A\) and \(H=\mathbb{I}\setminus E= \{0,1\}\cup ((0,1)\cap B)\) of \(\mathbb{I}\) are both homogeneous and homeomorphic. Given an infinite cardinal \(\tau\), the subspaces \(E\times\mathbb{I}^{\tau}\) and \(H\times\mathbb{I}^{\tau}\) of \(\mathbb{I}\times\mathbb{I}^{\tau}\) are also homogeneous and homeomorphic; hence \(\mathbb{I}^{\tau}\), being homeomorphic to \(\mathbb{I}\times\mathbb{I}^{\tau}\), admits a partition into two homogeneous and homeomorphic parts. Assuming \(ZFC\), the authors prove that if \(\tau\) is an uncountable cardinal and \(G\) is a dense subspace of \(\mathbb{I}^{\tau}\) such that \(\mathbb{I}^{\tau}\setminus G\) is Lindelöf, then \(G\) is not homeomorphic to a topological group. Next, the authors prove that if \(\tau\) is an uncountable cardinal and \(A\) is a subspace of \(\mathbb{I}^{\tau}\) such that \(A\) is homeomorphic to a topological group, then \(A\) and \(\mathbb{I}^{\tau}\setminus A\) are not homeomorphic. To do this, the authors consider an arbitrary uncountable cardinal \(\tau\) and a subspace \(A\) of \(\mathbb{I}^{\tau}\) such that \(A\) is homeomorphic to a topological group. Assuming that \(A\) and \(B=\mathbb{I}^{\tau}\setminus A\) are homeomorphic, the authors show that both \(A\) and \(B\) are dense pseudocompact subspaces of \(\mathbb{I}^{\tau}\), so \(\mathbb{I}^{\tau}\) is the Čech-Stone compactification of \(A\) and \(B\). The authors give two distinct arguments that this is impossible: (1) by Theorem 4.1 from [\textit{W. W. Comfort} and \textit{K. A. Ross}, Pac. J. Math. 16, 483--496 (1966; Zbl 0214.28502)], the Čech-Stone compactification of a pseudocompact topological group is homeomorphic to a topological group, while \(\mathbb{I}^{\tau}\) is not; (2) since \(A\) and \(B\) are supposed to be homeomorphic, there exists a homeomorphism \(h:\mathbb{I}^{\tau}\to\mathbb{I}^{\tau}\) such that \(h(A)=B\), and this contradicts the Brouwer Fixed-Point Theorem. Finally, the authors notice that it holds in \(ZFC\) that, for every infinite cardinal \(\tau\), the Cantor cube \(\{0,1\}^{\tau}\) contains a subspace \(A\) such that both \(A\) and \(\{0,1\}^{\tau}\setminus A\) are homeomorphic to topological groups. The authors ask the question of whether every non-trivial compact topological group can be split into two homogeneous and homeomorphic parts.
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